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Figure 2 | BMC Urology

Figure 2

From: Single minimum incision endoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal tumors with preoperative virtual navigation using 3D-CT volume-rendering

Figure 2

A left renal tumor adjacent to the renal artery and vein. Oblique view from the dorsal to ventral direction in the arterial phase. The CT scans are arranged from dorsal (A) to ventral (D). A: The tumor can be seen in the upper pole to middle part of the kidney. B: The tumor is more clearly visualized in the ventral images. The right renal artery (RRA) is also seen. C: The left renal artery (LRA) arises vertically from the abdominal aorta (AA), runs dorsal to the left renal vein (LRV), and drains into the inferior vena cava (IVC), indicating that the LRA and LRV cross each other antero-ventral to the tumor. D: The LRA, LRV, and IVC are seen more clearly in the ventral images.

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