Table 1 Results of subgroup analyses and accuracy of nitrites in urine dipsticks for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections or bacteriuria according to several predefined study characteristics (subgroups of studies without information about the study characteristic at issue are not shown) (no. of studies: 46)
From: The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy
Study characteristic | N | Sensitivity(95%CI) | Specificity(95%CI) | DOR(95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
BLINDING# | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   not | 12 | 0.50 (0.43–0.59) | 0.89 (0.75–1.00) | 44 (19 – 139) |
   dipstick | 25 | 0.46 (0.38–0.56) | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) | 28 (27 – 30) |
   both | 8 | 0.55 (0.36–0.85) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 99 (41 – 239) |
DATA COLLECTION# | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   prospective | 42 | 0.48 (0.42–0.55) | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 34 (21 – 57) |
   retrospective | 1 | 0.37 (0.28–0.46) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 701 (43 – 11565) |
CUT-OFF CRITERION STANDARD* | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   <1000 mcu/ml | 5 | 0.62 (0.56–0.69) | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | 32 (9 – 112) |
   10.000–50.000 | 9 | 0.37 (0.28–0.48) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 18 (6 – 51) |
   ≥100.000 | 34 | 0.48 (0.40–0.57) | 0.93 (0.87–0.98) | 50 (29 – 84) |
POPULATION# | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   general | 15 | 0.50 (0.44–0.58) | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) | 11 (6 – 21) |
   children | 10 | 0.50 (0.42–0.60) | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 34 (12 – 97) |
   pregnant women | 10 | 0.46 (0.38–0.56) | 0.98 (0.79–1.00) | 165 (73 – 372) |
   elderly | 3 | 0.71 (0.50–1.00) | 0.96 (0.91–1.00) | 108 (10 – 1165) |
   urology | 3 | 0.59 (0.53–0.66) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 64 (19 – 216) |
   surgery | 3 | 0.54 (0.39–0.74) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 34 (25 – 47) |
SETTING# | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   family physician | 6 | 0.53 (0.44–0.65) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 12 (7 – 21) |
   outpatient | 17 | 0.45 (0.37–0.56) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 87 (38 – 198) |
   emergency | 4 | 0.56 (0.40–0.81) | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 34 (10 – 112) |
   inpatient | 16 | 0.58 (0.51–0.67) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) | 23 (10 – 54) |
LEVEL OF CARE | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   community | 2 | 0.18 (0.04–0.76) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 78 (34 – 181) |
   primary | 12 | 0.49 (0.38–0.62) | 0.85 (0.73–1.00) | 22 (9 – 53) |
   secondary | 11 | 0.51 (0.40–0.66) | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | 61 (15 – 247) |
   tertiary | 21 | 0.53 (0.46–0.60) | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 39 (22 – 69) |