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Table 2 Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for bladder cancer among regular users of phenacetin and paracetamol, with adjustment for other drugs, and among exclusive users.

From: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of bladder cancer: a population based case control study

Drug use

Adjusted Modela

Exclusive Use Modelb

 

Controls N(%)

Cases N(%)

OR (95%CI)c

Controls N(%)

Cases N(%)

OR (95%CI)c

Phenacetin

      

Never

421 (92.3)

313 (85.5)

1.0 (reference)

   

Ever

35 (7.7)

53 (14.5)

2.2 (1.3–3.8)

   

Duration of used

      

≤ 4 yrs

14 (3.1)

22 (6.0)

2.2 (1.0–4.7)

   

4–8 yrs

9 (2.0)

6 (1.6)

1.1 (0.4–3.5)

   

>8 yrs

12 (2.6)

25 (6.8)

3.0 (1.4–6.5)

   

P for linear trende

  

0.005

   

Paracetamol

      

Never

398 (87.3)

335 (91.5)

1.0 (reference)

249 (89.6)

211 (90.9)

1.0 (reference)

Ever

58 (12.7)

31 (8.5)

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

29 (10.4)

21 (9.1)

0.8 (0.5–1.6)

Duration of used

      

≤ 4.5 yrs

19 (4.2)

12 (3.3)

0.9 (0.4–1.9)

12 (4.3)

8 (3.4)

0.8 (0.3–2.0)

4.5–16 yrs

19 (4.2)

13 (3.6)

0.9 (0.4–1.9)

10 (3.6)

9 (3.9)

0.9 (0.4–2.5)

>16 yrs

20 (4.4)

6 (1.6)

0.4 (0.2–1.2)

7 (2.5)

4 (1.7)

0.8 (0.2–3.1)

P for linear trende

  

0.116

  

0.672

  1. a Model adjusted by age, sex, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and use of other NSAIDs and analgesics
  2. b Model adjusted by age, sex, and number of cigarettes smoked per day
  3. c Excluded 3 subjects missing number of cigarettes smoked per day.
  4. d Based on tertile of duration of use among controls. No medication use is referent.
  5. e Tests for trend were performed by including a single term for categorical duration of medication use using non-users as the reference category.