Table 1 Main characteristics of included studies
First author, year | Country | Study design | Age | Gender | Number of cases | Number of participants | Exposure | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bortolotti, 2000 | Italy | Cross-sectional | ≥50 (M) ≥40 (F) | Both | 408 | 2721 (M) / 2767 (F) | Coffee | Age |
Hannestad, 2003 | Norway | Cross-sectional | ≥20 | Female | 6876 | 27,936 | Coffee | Age, BMI and smoking |
Jura, 2011 | USA | Cohort | 37 to 79 | Female | 15,683 | 65,176 | Caffeine | Age, cohort, parity, BMI, cigarette smoking, race, diabetes, total fluid intake and physical activity |
Tettamanti, 2011 | Sweden | Cohort | 19 to 47 | Female | / | 14,094 | Coffee | Age, parity, BMI, smoking and educational level |
Hirayama, 2012 | Japan | Case-control | 40 to 75 | Both | 131 | 683 (M)/298 (F) | caffeine | Age, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity level, total fluid intake and presence of co-morbidity |
Gleason, 2013 | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥20 | Female | 1767 | 4309 | Caffeine | Age, race/ethnicity, poverty income ratio, BMI, self-rated health status, major depression, chronic diseases, alcohol use, water intake, total dietary moisture intake and reproductive factors in women including vaginal deliveries |
Davis, 2013 | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥20 | Male | 511 | 3960 | Caffeine | Age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, vigorous activity, poverty-to income ratio, chronic disease, health status, depression, alcohol intake, water intake and total moisture intake |