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Table 2 Association between urinary incontinence (independent variable) and loneliness (dependent variable) estimated by logistic regression

From: Urinary incontinence, mental health and loneliness among community-dwelling older adults in Ireland

Characteristic

Categories

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

Model 6

Urinary incontinence

No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

Yes

1.74***

1.50***

1.51***

1.20

1.27*

1.14

  

[1.49,2.05]

[1.27,1.78]

[1.27,1.80]

[1.00,1.43]

[1.06,1.53]

[0.94,1.37]

Age (years)

50–59

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

60–69

 

0.95

1.03

1.13

1.22**

1.27**

   

[0.83,1.08]

[0.90,1.17]

[0.99,1.30]

[1.06,1.41]

[1.10,1.46]

 

70–79

 

1.19*

1.30**

1.43***

1.74***

1.76***

   

[1.01,1.40]

[1.10,1.53]

[1.20,1.70]

[1.46,2.07]

[1.47,2.10]

 

≥80

 

1.46**

1.36*

1.53**

2.05***

2.06***

   

[1.13,1.88]

[1.05,1.77]

[1.17,1.99]

[1.56,2.70]

[1.56,2.72]

Sex

Male

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

Female

 

1.12*

1.10

0.98

0.92

0.87*

   

[1.01,1.24]

[1.00,1.22]

[0.88,1.08]

[0.83,1.03]

[0.78,0.98]

Education

Primary

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

Secondary

 

0.95

1.03

1.07

1.07

1.08

   

[0.82,1.09]

[0.89,1.19]

[0.92,1.24]

[0.92,1.25]

[0.93,1.27]

 

Tertiary

 

0.92

1.04

1.11

1.13

1.15

   

[0.80,1.07]

[0.90,1.21]

[0.95,1.29]

[0.96,1.32]

[0.98,1.35]

Financial strain

Never

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

Rarely

 

1.38***

1.41***

1.44***

1.21*

1.24*

   

[1.18,1.62]

[1.20,1.66]

[1.21,1.70]

[1.02,1.43]

[1.04,1.48]

 

Sometimes

 

1.87***

1.88***

1.80***

1.53***

1.54***

   

[1.63,2.16]

[1.63,2.17]

[1.55,2.09]

[1.32,1.79]

[1.32,1.81]

 

Often

 

3.66***

3.35***

2.66***

2.14***

1.99***

   

[3.03,4.42]

[2.77,4.06]

[2.17,3.26]

[1.75,2.61]

[1.61,2.45]

Number of

None

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Chronic conditions

One

 

1.01

1.04

1.02

1.03

1.02

   

[0.86,1.18]

[0.89,1.22]

[0.87,1.20]

[0.87,1.22]

[0.87,1.21]

 

Two or more

 

1.24**

1.25**

1.15

1.12

1.08

   

[1.07,1.43]

[1.07,1.44]

[0.99,1.34]

[0.96,1.31]

[0.93,1.27]

ADL disability

No

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 

Yes

 

1.14

1.06

0.74**

0.94

0.76*

   

[0.93,1.39]

[0.87,1.31]

[0.59,0.92]

[0.75,1.18]

[0.60,0.97]

Social Network

Mostly isolated

  

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Index

Moderately isolated

  

0.59***

0.63**

0.60***

0.63**

    

[0.45,0.77]

[0.47,0.83]

[0.45,0.80]

[0.46,0.84]

 

Moderately integrated

  

0.40***

0.46***

0.40***

0.43***

    

[0.31,0.52]

[0.35,0.60]

[0.30,0.52]

[0.32,0.57]

 

Most integrated

  

0.26***

0.30***

0.25***

0.28***

    

[0.20,0.34]

[0.23,0.40]

[0.19,0.33]

[0.21,0.37]

Depression

(per one-unit increase)

   

1.10***

 

1.06***

     

[1.09,1.11]

 

[1.05,1.07]

Anxiety

(per one-unit increase)

    

1.24***

1.20***

      

[1.21,1.26]

[1.17,1.22]

  1. Data are odds ratio [95% confidence interval]
  2. Models are adjusted for all the variables in the respective columns
  3. Abbreviation: Ref Reference category, ADL Activities of daily living
  4. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001