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Table 1 The basic characteristics and methodological quality of included studies

From: Tubeless versus standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an update meta-analysis

Study

year

nation

study design

Level of evidence

PCNL (tubeless/standard)

Drainage (Size of tube)

Sample size

Age(Year)

Sex (M/F)

Outcome measures

Kumar

2016

India

RCT

Level 2

Total tubeless

–

56

36.20 ± 13.32

33/23

1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

     

Nephrostomy tube

18F

57

36.00 ± 11.82

31/26

6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Sebaey

2016

Egypt

RCT

Level 2

External ureteric catheter

6F

40

40.6 ± 11.9

31/9

1, 2, 3,

     

Nephrostomy tube

14F

40

46.1 ± 18.4

27/13

5, 6, 10

Zhao

2016

American

RCT

Level 2

Double-J ureteral stent

–

15

54.7 ± 12.2

9/6

1, 2, 3, 5,

     

Nephrostomy tube

8F/10F

15

58.3 ± 17.6

8/7

6, 8, 9

Agrawal

2014

India

RCT

Level 2

Double-J ureteral stent

5F/26cm

83

33 (18–55)

62/21

1, 3, 4, 5,

     

Nephrostomy tube

12F

83

31 (21–57)

59/24

6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Lu

2013

China

RCT

Level 2

External ureteric catheter

F5

16

43.81 ± 18.89

6/10

1, 2, 3,

    

Nephrostomy tube+

Double-J ureteral stent

F16 + F6

16

46.25 ± 22.37

7/9

5, 9, 10

Chang

2011

Taiwan

RCT

Level 2

Total tubeless

–

68

59.22 ± 12.44

51/17

1, 2, 3, 4,

     

Nephrostomy tube +

Double-J ureteral stent

F20 + F7

63

58.70 ± 10.85

50/13

5, 6, 7, 10

Aghamir

2011

Iran

RCT

Level 2

Total tubeless

–

35

38.4 ± 11.7

23/12

1, 2, 3, 4,

     

Nephrostomy tube +

Double-J ureteral stent

NA

35

40 ± 11.95

21/14

5, 6, 8

Istanbulluoglu

2009

Turkey

RCT

Level 2

Total tubeless

–

45

47.48 ± 13.04

25/20

1, 2, 3, 5,

     

Nephrostomy tube

14F

45

43.91 ± 14.44

24/21

6, 8, 9, 10

Crook

2008

The United Kingdom

RCT

Level 2

Total tubeless

–

25

53

15/10

1, 3, 5, 6, 8

     

Nephrostomy tube

26F

25

52

19/6

Singh

2008

India

RCT

Level 2

Double-J ureteral stent

NA

30

31 (14–55)

14/16

1, 2, 3, 4,

     

Nephrostomy tube

22F

30

34 (17–55)

15/15

5, 6, 7, 8, 10

Shah

2008

India

RCT

Level 2

Double-J ureteral stent

6F

33

44.18 ± 13.13

20/13

1, 2, 3, 5,

     

Nephrostomy tube

8F

32

46.69 ± 12.46

21/11

6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Agrawal, Madhu S

2008

India

RCT

Level 2

Double-J ureteral stent

6F/26cm

101

33 (18–55)

76/25

1, 3, 4, 5,

     

Nephrostomy tube

16F

101

31 (21–57)

76/25

6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Tefekli

2007

Turkey

RCT

Level 2

External ureteric catheter

5F

17

38.4 ± 12.3

8/9

1, 2, 3,

     

Nephrostomy tube

14-F

18

41.3 ± 14.7

11/7

5, 6

Choi

2006

American

RCT

Level 2

Double-J ureteral stent

6F

12

52.9 ± 14

NA

2, 3, 4,

     

Nephrostomy tube

8.2F

12

47 ± 16

NA

6, 7, 8

  1. RCT Randomized Controlled Trial, PCNL Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, NA Not Available (Insufficient Information Provided)
  2. 1, Stone-free rate; 2, Operative time; 3, Hospital stay; 4, Return to normal activity; 5, Postoperative hemoglobin drop; 6, Postoperative analgesic requirements; 7, Postoperative pain scores; 8, Blood transfusion; 9, Fever; 10, Urine leakage
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