Table 1 Characteristics of cohort studies included in the meta-analysis

Pai, P. Y.et al. 2015 [20]

cohort study

Male patients with hypertension or without hypertension selected from CCHIA-NHI database

80,299

Diuretics, Alpha-blockersBeta-blockers, ARBsCCBs, ACEIOthers (no use of antihypertensive drugs)

9

Male (100)

69.28 VS 69.31(50-)

Age, urbanization level, income, comorbidities

Rao, G. A. et al. 2013 [24]

cohort study

Males patients receiving drug treatment from VA of U.S.A.

543,824

ARBs (no use of ARBs)

8

Male (100)

63.6 VS 63.6

All 54 variables that was used to compute propensity to receive treatment

Bhaskaran, K. et al. 2012 [25]

cohort study

Hypertensive patients receiving drug treatment from General Practice Research Database (GPRD) of U.K.

377,649

ARBs (no use of ARBs)

>5

M (52) F (48)

64 (18–103)

Age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diabetes (with or without metformin/insulin use), hypertension, heart failure, statin use, index of multiple deprivation score, calendar year.

Rodriguez, C. 2009 [26]

cohort study

Males patients receiving drug treatment from the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort of U.S.A

3031

CCBs, Beta-blockers, ACEIs, diuretics, and other anti-hypertensives (no use of anti-hypertensive drugs)

8

Males (100)

NA

Age at interview, race, education, BMI in 1997, family history of prostate cancer, history of diabetes, history of PSA screening,history of heart disease or bypass surgery, and use of cholesterol-lowering drugs

van der Knaap, R. et al. 2008 [27]

cohort study

Eligible individuals from the Rotterdam Study started with a baseline interview between July 1989 and July 1993.

7983

ACEI and/or angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (no use of the drugs)

9.6

M (38.7) F (61.3)

70.4(50-)

Age, BMI, use of salicylates, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and myocardial infarction.

Harris, A. M. et al. 2007 [28]

cohort study

Male patients receiving drug treatment seen at Lexington Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospital

27,138

α1-blockers (no use of α1-blockers)

>5

Male (100)

68 (50–89) VS 72 (46–99)

Unadjusted

Debes, J. D. et al. 2004 [29]

cohort study

Males from subgroup of Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status

2115

CCBs (no use of CCBs)

10

Male (100)

NA(40–79)

Age and family history of prostate cancer

Friis, S. et al. 2001 [30]

cohort study

Persons receiving drug treatment from Pharmacoepidemiological Prescription Research Database of North Jutland County, Denmark,

17,897

ACEI (no use of ACEI)

8

Male (50) Female (50)

62(NA)

Adjustment for age, gender, and duration of follow-up

Fitzpatrick, A. L. 2001 [31]

cohort study

Individuals receiving drug treatment from chrot of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) of USA

2442

CCBsACEIβ-blockersDiureticVasodilator (no use of antihypertensive drugs)

5.6

Male (100)

NA (65-)

Adjusted for age, race (black), and body mass index (BMI)

Sorensen, H. T. 2000 [10]

cohort study

Individuals taking CCBs from Pharmaco-Epidemiological Prescription Database of the County of North Jutland, Denmark

23, 167

CCBs (compared with the number expected, based on population rates from the Danish Cancer Registry)

3.2

Male (100)

63.4

NA

Olsen, J. H. 1997 [32]

cohort study

Individuals receiving treatment of CCBs from the County of North Jutland

17,911

CCBs (compared with the number expected, based on population rates from the Danish Cancer Registry)

1.8 years

Male (49), Female (51)

NA

NA

Pahor, M. 1996 [33]

cohort study

Individuals aged 65 years or older living in East Boston, Massachusetts, and in the counties of Iowa and Washington in the state of Iowa from epidemiologic studies of the elderly (EPESE) in U.S.

5052

CCBs (no use of CCBs)

3.6

Male (35.7), Female (64.3)

MA (65-)

Adjusted for age, sex, ethnic origin, heart failure, number of hospital admissions, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake.