Table 2 Characteristics of case-control studies included in the meta-analysis
Studies | Types of studies | Case selection | NO. of participants | Collection of medication data (period) | Age of cases, yr., mean (range) | Sex of cases, % | Type of drugs (reference group) | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hallas, J. 2012 [17] | Case control | Review of data from the Danish Cancer Registry (DCR), the Danish National Registry of Patients (DNRP),the Prescription Database of the DanishMedicines Agency and the Danish Person Registry (2000–2005). | 149, 417 | Review of electronic medical records (1995 until cancer diagnosis) | 69.4 | Male (47.7), Female (52.3) | Use of ARBs or ACEI (never-use of the durgs) | (1)chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a crude marker of heavy smoking; (2) inflammatory bowel disease; (3) a modified Charlson Index that contains 19 categories of comorbidity and each category has an associated weight based on the adjusted risk of 1 year mortality; (4) non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or hig dose aspirin, oestrogen hormone therapy, oral contraceptives, finasteride or statins. |
Azoulay, L. 2012 [39] | Nested case-control | Review of data from General Practice Research Database (GPRD)in U.K. (1995–2010) | 1,165,781 | Review of computerized medical records (1995 until cancer diagnosis) | 72.4 | Male (52.7), Female (47.3) | use of ARBs or ACEIs or CCBs or alpha-blockers(use of Diuretics and/or beta-blockers) | Excessive alcohol use, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, previous cancer, and ever of aspirin, statins, and NSAIDs. In addition,cholecystectomy, inflammatory bowel disease and history of polyps for colorectal cancer; benign prostatic hyperplasia, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, and number of PSA tests for prostate cancer; oophorectomy, use of hormone replacement therapy, and prior use of oral contraceptives for breast cancer. |
Kemppainen, K. J. 2011 [15] | Case control | Review of data from the Finnish Cancer Registry (1995–2002) | 25,029 | Review of the prescription database of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (1995 until cancer diagnosis) | NA | Males (100) | use of ARBs or ACEIs or CCBs or alpha-blockers or beta-blockers or diuretics (Nonusers of any antihypertensive medication) | Adjusted for age, place of residence, and use of cholesterol-lowering drugs, antidiabetic drugs, finasteride, or alpha-blockers. |
Assimes, T. L. 2008 [34] | Nested case-control | Review of computerized database files of Saskatchewan Health (1980–2003) | 11,697 | Review of the linkable databases including the world’s oldest electronic prescription database (1978 until cancer diagnosis) | 71.8 | Male (53.2) Female (46.8) | Use of β-blockers or CCBs or RAS inhibitors and never use of thiazide diuretics (use of thiazide diuretics and never use of β-blockers or CCBs or RAS inhibitors) | Adjusted for age, all measured comorbid conditions, and exposure to all other classes of antihypertensive not of interest except for potassium sparing diuretics. |
Ronquist, G. 2004 [35] | Nested case-control | Review of the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) in U.K. (1995–1999) | 243,331 | Review of computerized medical records (1995 untilcancer diagnosis) | 50–79 | Males (100) | Use of diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE-inhibitors, CCBs, alpha-blockers and other antihypertensives (no use) | Adjusted for age, calendar year, prostatism and and other variables. |
Perron, L. 2004 [19] | case-control | Review of the source population in Quebec cancer registry (1993–1995) | 13,326 | Review of computerized medical records (1981 untilcancer diagnosis) | 75.7 | Males(100) | Use of CCBs or ACEIs or beta-blockers or thiazidic diuretics and similars or others inlclusing vasodilatators and centrally acting adrenocep-tor antagonists. (no use) | Adjusted for age, recent medical contacts, and Aspirin use |
Vezina, R. M. 1998 [36] | case-control | Monthly contact with the tumor registrar and review of Massachusetts Cancer Registry for males less than 70 years of age diagnosed with prostate cancers in Massachusetts (1992–1995) | 2617 | Telephone interview (lifetime until cancer diagnosis) | 64 | Males(100) | Use of CCBs or beta-blockers or ACEIs or Thiazides or others (no use) | Age; race; level of education; family history of prostate cancer; dietary fat intake; BMI; alcohol, tobacco, and coffee use; urologic symptoms; and physician visits 2 years previously. |
Rosenberg, L. 1998 [37] | case-control | Interviewed patients aged 40 to 69 years in Boston, Mass, New York, NY, Philadelphia, Pa,and Baltimore, Md (1976–1996) | 16,005 | Interview with standard questionnaires by trained nurse (lifetime until cancer diagnosis) | 56(40–69) | Males (41) Females (59) | Use of CCBs or beta-blockers or ACEIs (no use) | Age, BMI, interview year, annual visits to a physician 2 yr. before admission, smoking amount(pack year) for all cancers, and other additional risk factors for regressions for each cancer site) |
Jick, H.1997 [11] | Nested case-control | Review of all hypertensive patients on the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) who were current users of beta-blockers only, ACEIs only, or CCBs only (with or without diuretics) and who had a first-time diagnosis of any cancer recorded in 1995. | 2196 | Review of computerized medical records (1987 until cancer diagnosis) | 71.6 (NA) | Males (49.6) Females (50.4) | Use of CCBs (use of beta-blockers) | Smoking, BMI, change of medication, duration of hypertension, and diuretic use |