Table 1 Overview of case reports on idiopathic, spontaneous scrotal hematomas

Akay et al. (2015)

21

After marching

R

Pain, swelling, ecchymosis

Delayed exploration & orchiectomy due to ischaemia

Aliabadi et al. (1987)

27

After defecation

L

Pain, swelling, ecchymosis

Exploration due to uncertain diagnosis

Yes

Bowman et al. (1998)

23

After football tackle

R

Pain, swelling, ecchymosis

Conservative.

Chin et al. (2009)

33

After heavy lifting

L

Pain, swelling

Delayed exploration due to no improvement

Yes

Demir et al. (2010)

21

After defecation

L

Pain, swelling, ecchymosis

Conservative. Ligation after 3 weeks

Yes

Gordon et al. (1993)

22

After blunt abdominal trauma

L

Pain, swelling

Exploration due to uncertain diagnosis

Yes (History)

Kampel et al. (2015)

?

After centrifuge training

L

Pain, swelling

Conservative.

Yes

Kobayashi et al. (2006)

28

After defecation

L

Pain, swelling

Conservative. Ligation after 4 months

Lindhorst et al. (2000)

53

After playing saxophone

L

Pain, swelling

Exploration due to suspected incarcerated inguinal hernia

Yes

Matsui et al. (2004)

69

After defecation

L

Pain, swelling

Conservative.

Mirilas et al. (2010)

10

After skiing

L

Pain, swelling,

Exploration due to persisting pain

Miyoshi et al. (1980)

22

?

L

Pain, swelling, ecchymosis

Exploration due to uncertain diagnosis.

Nishiyama et al. (2005)

23

After sexual intercourse

L

Pain, swelling, ecchymosis

Conservative

Yes

Pepe et al. (2015)

16

After blunt abdominal trauma

L

Pain, swelling

Exploration due to persisting pain

Ragozzino et al. (1993)

40

After stretching

Pain, swelling

Conservative

Rolnick et al. (1965)

16

?

R

Pain, swelling, ecchymosis

Exploration & orchiectomy due to uncertain diagnosis

Takezawa et al. (2011)

31

Secondary to nutcracker phenomena

L

Pain, swelling

Conservative

Yes

Vandana et al. (2015)

71

Unknown

L

Pain, swelling

Exploration & orchiectomy due to uncertain diagnosis