Fig. 1

Experimental setup. a Ex vivo TURB model – C1 represents the inside and C2 the exterior of the bladder. The tank for the two compartments was made of transparent material and included an exchangeable two-piece tissue holder frame (aperture: 13.5 cm) creating a waterproof seal between C1 and C2 using sealing hoses. Voltage recording was performed at 5 MS/s with a storage oscilloscope. Activation of the instrument and data logging were synchronised with a trigger box which in turn was activated by a foot switch. b Ex vivo nerve model – CAP recording at a distance of 1.5 cm from the stimulation site using a differential head stage amplifier and a storage oscilloscope. The nerve chamber’s electrodes were installed at a fixed distance of 5 mm