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Table 3 Prevalence and associated factors of urinary incontinence for three age groups

From: Prevalence and associated factors of urinary incontinence in women living in China: a literature review

First author

Date range of study

Location (provinces)

Age (characteristic)

Instrument (methods)a

Prevalence (n/N (%))

Authors’ definitions of UI and UI types

Associated factors [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (95% CI)]

Zhang and Lei [8]

February 2006–July 2006

Northwest, Northeast, North, Southwest, East, and South-central China

\(>\) 20 years

ICIQ-FLUTSb (face to face interviews by trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire)

UI 6052/18992 (31.9)

ICSc definitions

UI: Age 30–39 years (1.55, 1.34–1.80), 40–49 years (2.66, 2.29–3.10), 50–59 years (2.80, 2.32–3.38), 60–69 years (2.46, 1.98–3.06), 70–79 years (3.02, 2.39–3.81), 80–89 years (3.32, 2.52–4.31), ≥ 90 years (5.87, 3.58–9.65), BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 (1.77, 1.52–2.06), menopause (1.41, 1.24–1.61), residence (urban: 0.90, 0.84–0.97), constipation (1.87, 1.70–2.06), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) (1.96, 1.47–2.60), hypertension (1.29, 1.16–1.44), alcoholism (1.51, 1.35–1.68), vaginal delivery (1.63, 1.49–1.79)

SUI 3592/18992 (18.9)

UUI 488/18992 (2.6)

MUI 1788/18992 (9.4)

Sun and Wenyu [17]

2012–2013

Qinghai

20–80 years

(Face to face) Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS)

UI 253/1066 (23.7)

ICS definitions

UI: Age (1.08, 1.05–1.12), natural vaginal delivery (0.002, 0.00–0.01), obstetric forceps vagina delivery (8.17, 1.49–44.77), parity (668.8, 146.09–3061.86), chronic cough (7.62, 1.84–31.57), constipation (2.72, 1.29–5.73)

SUI 222/1066 (20.8)

UUI 13/1066 (1.2)

MUI 16/1066 (1.5)

Liu and Tingting [18]

March 2013–October 2013

Guangxi

20–90 years

(Face to face) Nanning UI Epidemiological questionnaire

UI 663/2883 (23.0)

ICS definitions

SUI: Age (1.53, 1.13–2.00), chronic pelvic pain (0.73, 0.58–0.93), chronic respiratory disease (5.24, 1.17–21.27), BMI (1.53, 1.37–1.75), recurrent urinary tract infection (1.97, 1.08–3.65)

SUI 376/2883 (13.0)

Li and Jingxuan [19]

October 2012–June 2013

Shandong

18–90 years (married)

(Face to face) Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-Female LUTS

UI 1142/2600 (43.9)

ICS definitions

SUI: parity = 1 (1.24, 1.17–1.76), parity = 2 (2.96, 1.17–2.61), parity (3.25, 1.23–1.96), menopause (2.45, 1.01–2.35), constipation (1.39, 1.26–3.32), history of pelvic surgery (1.20, 1.00–1.73), BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2 (2.07, 1.52–3.54)

SUI 571/2600 (22.0)

UUI 199/2600 (7.7)

MUI 372/2600 (14.3)

UUI: Parity = 1 (1.10, 1.17–1.76), parity = 2 (2.01, 1.17–2.61), parity ≥ U (2.93, 1.23–3.32), constipation (1.52, 1.26–3.32), BM I(2.93 kg/m2 (2.07, 1.52–3.54); MUI: Age 50–59 (3.15, 1.20–3.07), age 60–69 (1.55, 1.01–2.46), age 70–79 (1.25, 1.14–1.88), age ≥ 80 years (1.11, 1.10–1.96), constipation (2.01, 1.26–3.32), menopause (1.11, 1.01–1.96)

Arzigul [20]

June 2010–November 2010

Xinjiang

Y: 17–78 years

(Face to face) Questionnaires (general condition, UI prevalence situation, childbirth and chronic diseases)

SUI 338/2009 (16.8)

ICS definitions

SUI: Prolonged delivery (4.72), Difficult birth (1.85), perineum tear (1.73), chronic pelvic pain (1.50), pelvic surgery (6.68), chronic cough (2.60). (No 95% CI is reported)

Liu and Bo [21]

March 2010–September 2012

Shanghai

 ≥ 20 years

Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS (face to face interviews by researchers with standardized questionnaire)

UI 1266/5433 (23.3)

ICS definitions

UI: Age (2.38, 2.16–2.63), education (2.80, 2.32–3.53), residence rural (1.95,1.64–2.31), manual labor (6.90,5.66–8.47), exercise frequency < 8 times/months (0.56, 0.47–0.68), hyperlipidemia (1.99, 1.56–2.53), no nervous system disease (0.31, 0.18–0.55), diabetes (1.69,1.20–2.38), nocturia (8.20, 6.72–10.01), constipation (7.53, 6.01–9.43), eating less greasy food (0.80, 0.73–0.88), respiratory diseases (2.67, 2.19–3.27), POP (7.37, 3.68–14.76), chronic pelvic pain (2.94, 2.20–3.91), urinary tract infection (7.75, 5.06–11.89)

SUI 761/5433 (14.0)

UUI 164/5433 (3.0)

MUI 341/5433 (6.3)

He and Chongjun [22]

 

Beijing

19–58 years (nurses)

Beijing nurse Questionnaire LUTS

SUI 349/1070 (32.6)

SUI*

SUI: Occupational stress of nurses: unclear about task expectations, business stress. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

UUI 225/1070 (21.0)

UUI*

UUI: Occupational stress of nurses: unclear about task expectations, task conflicts, work environment, tension of interpersonal relationship. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

Xie and Jiangling [23]

June 2011–December 2012

Chongqing

20–78 years

(Face to face) Self-designed questionnaire (refer to Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS)

SUI 135/666 (20.3)

ICS definitions

BMI, pelvic surgery history, hypertension, diabetes, chronic cough, constipation and other chronic diseases, perimenopausal period, multiple pregnancy abortions, parity, lateral episiotomy, perineal laceration. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

Jiang and Yan [24]

January 2016–May 2016

Hebei

18–91 years

(Face to face) self-designed questionnaire (refer to ICIQ-LUTS)

UI 667/2408 (27.7)

ICS definitions

UI: Age 40–49 years (5.76, 1.68–19.69), 50–59 years (8.76, 2.58–29.74), 60–69 years (8.85, 2.61–29.99), 70–79 years (6.43, 1.86–22.25), ≥ 80 years ( 4.55, 1.24–16.71), daily drinking water ≥ 1500 ml (0.75, 0.62–0.91), urinary system diseases (1.96, 1.32–2.91), respiratory diseases (1.62, 1.19–2.21), vaginitis (2.32, 1.32–4.10), abortion 1–2 times (1.51, 1.21–1.87), abortion ≥ 3 times (2.59, 1.41–4.75), hypertension (1.90, 1.52–2.38), chronic low back pain (1.52, 1.24–1.86), cesarean delivery (0.365, 0.20–0.69), postpartum infection (2.00, 1.10–3.65), dysmenorrhea (1.28, 1.04–1.57)

SUI 557/2408 (23.1)

UUI 38/2408 (1.6)

MUI 72/2408 (3.0)

Song and Yingchun [25]

July 2012–November 2012

Shanxi

20–87 years

(Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS

UI 882/3017 (29.2)

ICS definitions

UI: Age (1.70, 1.35–2.14), BMI (2.19, 1.68–2.84), organ prolapse (3.14, 2.49–3.95), cesarean delivery (2.38, 1.26–4.48), manual labor (2.67, 1.95–3.65), chronic cough (3.01, 1.47–6.61), constipation (2.23, 1.22–4.07), smoking (2.00, 1.37–2.91)

 

SUI 547/3017 (18.1)

UUI 138/3017 (4.6)

MUI 184/3017 (6.1)

Wang and Lihong [26]

March 2012–September 2012

GANSU

30–70 years

General survey

SUI 975/6000 (16.3)

ICS definitions

SUI: Age, parity, mode of delivery, place of residence, weight. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

Wan and Xiaohui [27]

April 2011to August 2011

Xinjiang

20–85 years (have sex or married)

(Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS

SUI 960/3403 (28.2)

ICS definitions

SUI: BMI (1.67, 1.08–2.58), parity (5.09, 3.89–6.67), weight of infant (5.62, 3.33–9.48), mode of delivery (2.25, 1.63–3.09), perineum lateral incision (4.45, 3.11–6.36), menopause (5.15, 3.61–7.33), chronic pelvic pain (3.87, 1.05–14.25), POP (3.50, 2.51–4.89)

UUI 71/3403 (2.1)

MUI 392/3403 (11.5)

Liu and Zhaochun [28]

July 2015–September 2015

Xinjiang

30–70 years (Gynecology and obstetrics outpatient)

(Face to face)

SUI 53/166 (31.9)

ICS definitions

SUI: Menopause, parity, delivery, puerperal incontinence. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

ICIQ-UI

Wu and Yonghong [29]

February 2013–June 2013

Guangdong

40–55 years (Perimenopausal period)

(Face to face)

SUI 211/1200 (17.6)

ICS definitions

Reported that UI was not associated with age

ICIQ-UI

Horng and Shiow-Shiun [30]

2005

Taiwan

35–64 years

The short form 36 (SF-36) health survey (interview survey)

UI 1036/4661 (22.2)

ICS definitions

UI: Age 44–54 (1.53, 1.27–1.83), age 55–64 (1.88, 1.49–2.37), parity 1 time (1.87, 1.17–2.99), parity 2 time (2.58, 1.73–3.85), parity ≥ 3 times (2.83, 1.90–4.23), BMI 24–26.9 kg/m2 (1.48, 1.25–1.76), BMI.47.0 kg/m2 (2.33, 1.71–3.61), history of hormone replacement therapy (1.53, 1.17–1.99), psychiatric disease (1.45, 1.07–2.07), hyperlipidemia (1.35, 1.11–1.65), respiratory disease (1.62, 1.07–2.46)

Chen and Cong [32]

January 2014–May 2014

Zhejiang

 ≥ 20 years

Face to face questionnaire administration, Gynecological examination

SUI 244/986 (24.7)

ICS definitions

SUI: Age > 40 years (1.4, 1.0–2.0), vaginal delivery (2.6, 1.6–4.2), hypertension (1.7, 1.1–2.5), chronic coughing (3.6, 2.1–6.2), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (1.7, 1.1–2.4), educational level ≤ middle school (1.4, 1.4–1.9)

UUI 47/986 (4.8)

MUI 53/986 (5.4)

Hu and Mengyan [33]

May 2010–July 2010

Zhejiang

20–82 years (gynecological outpatient and married)

face to face interview, Gynecologic examination

SUI 194/500 (38.8)

SUI**

SUI: Age, BMI, vaginal delivery, hypertension, diabetes, recurrent urinary tract infection, constipation, chronic diseases, anterior and posterior vaginal wall touch, uterine prolapse. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

Han and Daihua [34]

January 2015–September 2016

Sichuan

35–64 years

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI, Gynecological examination

UI 455/5217 (8.7)

ICS definitions

UI: Age (0.82, 0.70–0.95), education level (1.49, 1.23–1.90), chronic bronchitis or asthma (1.55, 1.02–2.35), parity (0.79, 0.66–0.95), postpartum incontinence (8.87, 6.57–11.99), BMI (0.96, 0.93–0.99), POP (1.64, 1.09–2.49)

SUI 348/5217 (6.7)

UUI 45/5217 (0.9)

MUI 62/5217 (1.2)

Sun and Yanling [35]

September 2018–December 2018

Jiangsu

 ≥ 18 years (urban and rural)

(Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS

Urban

ICS definitions

Urban

UI 245/443(55.3)

 

UI: Age (1.35, 1.04–1.43), occupation (1.82, 1.16–2.89), alcohol consumption (7.37, 1.06–28.76), smoking (1.23, 1.15–2.67), sitting > 2 h/day (5.43, 1.10–21.82)

SUI 128/443 (28.9)

UUI 79/443 (17.8)

MUI 38/443 (8.6)

Rural

Rural

 

UI: Age (1.06, 1.02–1.09), occupation (2.86, 1.25–6.56), alcohol consumption (7.85, 1.57–29.24), smoking (1.09, 1.01–2.52), sitting > 2 h/day (6.31, 1.59–26.86), load frequently > 3 kg (3.65, 1.38–16.79)

UI 268/384 (69.8)

SUI 169/384 (44.0)

UUI 51/384 (13.3)

MUI 48/384 (12.5)

Deng and Li [36]

July 2012–December 2012

Guangxi

22–78 years

(Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS

UI 91/1052 (37.2)

ICS definitions

UI: Age 40–49 years (1.96, 1.02–3.78), natural vaginal delivery (8.66, 4.78–15.68), perineum lateral incision (2.89, 1.64–5.27), cesarean delivery (2.31, 1.29–4.17), hypertension (1.98, 0.91–3.37), menopause (2.11, 1.10–3.56), pelvic surgery (2.38, 1.04–5.47), chronic cough (2.65, 1.43–4.92), constipation (2.11, 1.39–3.22)

SUI 202/1052 (19.2)

UU I 24/1052 (2.3)

MUI 165/1052 (15.7)

Wen and Fang [37]

October 2014–November 2014

Guizhou

18–70 years (married)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form

UI 68/294 (23.1)

Not reported

UI: Age (1.04, 1.01–1.07), ethnicity (2.53, 1.31–4.89), place of delivery (3.15, 1.42–6.99), mode of delivery (2.34, 1.09–5.05)

Zhang and Lijuan [38]

September 2011–June 2013

Jiangsu

20–72 years (gynecological outpatient)

Questionnaire investigation, routine physical examination

SUI 302/2655 (11.4)

Not reported

SUI: Parity (1.52, 1.13–2.36), age (1.29, 1.03–1.63), constipation (1.79, 1.30–6.84), vaginal delivery (2.95, 1.10–7.56), Prolonged delivery (3.54, 1.43–9.37), hysterectomy (3.75, 3.19–9.58), perineum laceration (1.35, 1.09–1.35)

Li and Jianjun [39]

March 2011–June 2011

Hunan

17–75 years (gynecological outpatient)

ICIQ-LUTS (long form)

SUI 122/769 (15.9)

Not reported

Not reported

UUI 35/769 (4.6)

MUI 23/769 (3.0)

Li and Fang [40]

October 2012

Shanxi

 ≥ 20 years (gynecological outpatient)

(Face to face) Questionnaire administration

UI 210/421 (49.9)

Not reported

UI: Age, BMI, education, daily water intake, more pregnancy, Parity, vaginal delivery, and intensity of labor. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

Wang and Xin [41]

January 2012–October 2012

Jilin

60–87 years (urban)

ICIQ-UI

UI 305/986 (30.9)

Not reported

UI: Respiratory diseases (1.50, 1.10–2.50), urinary diseases (2.60, 1.30–4.20), cardiovascular diseases (2.20, 1.20–4.20), gynecologic diseases (3.30, 1.90–5.40), parity > 4 times (1.80, 1.20–2.10), restriction of autonomic activity (2.40, 1.50–4.10)

SUI 98/986 (10.0)

UUI 69/986 (7.0)

MUI 138/986 (14.0)

Shi and Lihua [42]

April 2014–April 2015

Jiangxi

20–80 years

Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS, pad testing

UI 150/500 (30.0)

SUI:ICS

Not reported

SUI 93/500 (18.6)

UUI**

UUI 37/500 (7.4)

MUI:SUI and UUI exist at the same time

MUI 20/500 (4.0)

Xin and Chunyan [43]

April 2013–September 2014

Xinjiang

 ≥ 65 years

(Face to face) Questionnaire administration (refer to ICIQ-UI)

UI 682/1148 (59.4)

SUI:ICS definitions

Not reported

SUI 335/1148 (29.2)

UUI 83/1148 (7.2)

UUI**

MUI 264/1148 (23.0)

MUI*

Zhou and Fang [44]

October 2017–December 2017

Jiangsu

18–26 years (college students)

(Face to face) ICIQ-FLUTS

UI 219/929 (23.6)

ICS definitions

Age: 21–26 years old comparing with 18–20 years old (0.87, 0.77–0.98), constipation (2.40, 1.49–3.84), alcohol consumption (1.76, 1.11–2.79), often/always delayed urination (1.74, 1.31–2.31), often/always strained to urinate (1.43, 1.11–1.85)

Chu and Lei [45]

January 2012–September 2012

Shanghai

20–83 years

(Face to face interviews) Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS

UI 2103/7314 (28.8)

ICS definitions

UI: Postmenopausal (1.10, 1.04–1.17), pelvic surgery (1.38, 1.29–1.49), more than twice vaginal delivery history (1.49, 1.25–1.44), more than 20 weeks of pregnancy history (1.34, 1.25–1.44), the first vaginal delivery at < 20 years old (1.58, 1.46–1.71), obstetric forceps vagina delivery (2.75, 2.54–2.97), diabetes (1.16, 1.06–1.28), education (0.95, 0.90–0.99), hypertension (1.33, 1.23–1.43), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (2.37, 2.22–2.54)

SUI 1719/7314 (23.5)

UUI 154/7314 (2.1)

MUI 183/7314 (2.5)

Gao and Jixue [46]

May 2010–April 2013

Shanxi

21–72 years

(Face to face) Questionnaire administration, provocative test

UI 210/589 (35.7)

ICS definitions

SUI: Age, BMI, alcohol consumption, educational level. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

SUI 128/589 (21.7)

Luo and Xiaomei [47]

March 2015–September 2015

Xizang

 ≥ 20 years

(Face to face) Self-designed questionnaire (health characteristics and UI occurrence)

SUI 342/1200 (28.5)

ICS definitions

SUI: Urinary tract infection (1.67, 1.42–1.98), menopause (1.22, 1.16–1.29), uterine prolapse (1.49, 1.34–1.66), Anterior vaginal prolapse (1.68, 1.63–1.73), Posterior vaginal prolapse (1.08, 1.07–1.10), BMI (1.13, 1.11–1.16), perineal laceration, postpartum labor, chronic bronchitis (1.26, 1.23–1.29), cardiovascular disease (1.16, 1.15–1.18), constipation (1.13, 1.12–1.15), occupation (1.39, 1.36–1.42), education level low (1.10, 1.09–1.11), smoking (1.13, 1.11–1.56)

Xu and Ling [48]

June 2011

Shanghai

≥ 30 years

Face to face interviews Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS

UI 218/597 (36.5)

ICS definitions

Not reported

SUI 104/597 (17.4)

UUI 32/597 (5.4)

MUI 82/597 (13.7)

Wang and Yuliang [49]

October 2012–Jane 2013

Northwest, northeast, north, central, and south China

≥ 18 years

ICIQ-FLUTS (face to face interviews with questionnaires)

SUI 265/1472 (17.4)

ICS definitions

All LUTS: Age, alcohol consumption, smoking, parity (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

UUI 56/1472 (3.8)

MUI 47/1472 (3.2)

Huang and Dong [50]

2011

Guangdong

≥ 20 years

Face to face questionnaire administration (health characteristics and UI occurrence)

UI 2373/6870 (34.5)

ICS definitions

UI: Age (1.94, 1.51–3.99), mode of delivery (2.01, 1.08–5.02), process of childbirth (2.22, 0.52–9.89), constipation (2.78, 1.77–5.52), urinary tract infection (1.31, 1.01–3.66), and oral contraceptive drugs (1.59, 1.18–3.82)

SUI 1150/6870 (16.7)

UUI 309/6870 (4.5)

MUI 914/6870 (13.3)

Li and Hong [51]

May 2014–March 2015

HUBEI

45–55 years (Perimenopausal period)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI

SUI 526/2057 (25.6)

ICS definitions

SUI: Age (1.63, 1.41–1.83), parity (2.35, 1.89–2.86), POP (2.10, 1.65–4.02), pelvic surgery (2.06, 1.90–3.32), urinary tract infection (2.40, 1.76–3.05)

Lu and Shi [52]

April 2014–October 2014

Hubei

40–65 years

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI short form

UI 397/1067 (37.2)

ICS definitions

UI: Menstrual disorder (1.54, 1.06–2.24), menopause (1.41, 1.03–1.93), BMI 18.5–25.0 kg/m2 (2.98, 1.17–7.60), BMI > 25 kg/m2 (3.37, 1.24–9.12), atrophic vaginitis (1.49, 1.08–2.04), constipation (1.82, 1.32–2.51), POP (5.07, 3.37–7.63), chronic pelvic pain (1.82, 1.32–2.51), fecal incontinence (2.89, 2.31–3.34)

SUI 344/1067 (32.2)

UUI 230/1067 (21.6)

MUI 177/1067 (16.6)

Li and Tao [53]

April 2014–Oct ober 2014

HUBEI

40–65 years (perimenopausal)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form

SUI 504/1519 (33.2)

ICS definitions

SUI: Age: 60–65 years old (3.40, 1.92–6.04), Cesarean Sect. (0.62, 0.40–0.92), atrophic vaginitis (1.36, 1.03–1.80), constipation (1.44, 1.07–1.93), chronic pelvic pain (2.17, 1.90–4.03), POP (2.81, 1.36–5.79), fecal incontinence (3.32, 2.03–5.43), monthly income: 2000–3999 comparing with ≤ 1999 (0.063, 0.40–0.92)

UUI 366/1519 (24.1)

MUI 264/1519 (17.4)

Lu and Shi [54]

April 2014–December 2014

HUBEI

40–65 years (perimenopausal)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form

UI 585/1519 (38.5)

ICS definitions

UI: Age: over 50 years old (2.0, 1.21–3.29), overweight (BMI: 25–30 kg/m2) (2.85, 1.33–6.07), irregular menstruation (1.45, 1.03–2.06), gynecological diseases (1.31, 1.01–1.70), chronic pelvic pain (2.32, 1.48–3.64), POP (2.33, 1.61–3.37), constipation (1.42, 1.07–1.88), fecal incontinence (3.29, 2.33–4.65)

SUI 482/1519 (31.9)

UUI 366/1519 (24.1)

MUI 264/1519 (17.4)

Wang and Bingyi [55]

No time is reported

Beijing

35–64 years

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form

UI 59/126 (46.8)

ICS definitions

Age (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

Chang and kengming [56]

 

Taiwan

 ≥ 60 years

Face to face interview

UI 485/1517 (32.0)

ICS definitions

UI: Age (1.04, 1.02–1.07), diabetes mellitus (1.65, 1.11–2.47), previous urinary disease (3.46, 2.26–5.30), BMI (1.06, 1.01–1.11)

Li and Ruixia [57]

Apr 2013–Jun 2013

Shanghai

60–70 yeas

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI

UI 332/1962 (16.9)

ICS definitions

UI: BMI, pregnancy, pregnancy leakage, gynecological diseases, constipation, urinary tract infection, chronic respiratory disease. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported)

SUI 237/1962 (12.1)

Gao and Maolong [58]

January 2013–May 2013

Beijing

≥ 60 years

(Face to face) Author-designed Questionnaire (Social and health characteristics)

UI 164/694 (23.6)

Patient reported

UI: Age 80–84 years (1.72, 0.96–3.08), age ≥ 85 years (2.49, 1.22–5.06), malnutrition (1.69, 1.08–2.65), chronic pain (1.47, 1.01–2.14), cognitive disorder (1.56, 1.08–2.24), sleep disorders (1.76, 1.22–2.53), drugs 1–4 types (2.23, 1.04–4.76), drug ≥ 5 types (5.07, 2.30–11.19)

Li and Yan [59]

2017

Sichuan

60–97 years (pension institutions)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form,

UI 102/205 (49.8)

ICS definitions

UI: BMI < 24 kg/m2 (0.38, 0.18–0.78), spouse (2.54, 1.20–5.38), Mental labour (0.25, 0.12–0.53), no alcohol consumption (0.40, 0.16–0.96), no delayed voiding (0.12, 0.05–0.30), number of chronic disease < 2 types (0.39, 0.18–0.83), parity ≥ 4 (2.82, 1.18–6.75), age of the first parity < 21 years (2.76, 1.03–7.43)

SUI 35/205 (17.1)

UUI 21/205 (10.2)

MUI 41/205 (20.0)

Chen and Mina [60]

No time is reported

Zhejianng

60–100 years (medical and nursing institutions)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form,

UI 217/352 (61.6)

ICS definitions

Education (0.59, 0.41–0.86), income (0.58, 0.37–0.92), medical payment method (1.64, 1.09–2.49), have no other disease (0.27, 0.13–0.58), activities of daily living (1.37, 1.12–1.67), indwelling catheterization (13.31, 2.35–75.22)

Zhu and Zhichao [61]

January 2014–December 2014

Zhejiang

20–81 years

ICIQ-UI

UI 301/1178 (25.5)

UI*

UI: Age (1.02, 1.00–1.05), natural vaginal delivery (2.53, 1.10–5.84), difficult vaginal delivery (4.54, 1.63–12.64), Cesarean delivery (3.07, 1.10–1.45), parity (1.10, 1.00–1.21), BMI 20–25 kg/m2 (1.43, 1.14–1.80), BMI > 25 kg/m2 (1.40, 1.17–1.89), hypertension (1.32, 1.01–1.74), diabetes (1.49, 1.17–1.89), other diseases (1.21, 1.02–1.45)

Che and Xinyan [62]

July 2018

Beijing

Mean: 39.4 ± 9.9 years (medical staff)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form,

SUI 63/146(43.2)

ICS definitions

Constipation (4.95, 1.81–13.53), Natural delivery (3.50, 1.49–8.21)

Liu and Yanjuan [63]

Nov 2010–Nov 2011

Hebei

 ≥ 20 years (railway workers)

(Face to face) ICIQ-UI

UI 474/1368 (34.6)

ICS definitions

Not reported

SUI 296/1368 (21.6)

UUI 52/1368 (3.8)

MUI 126/1368 (9.2)

Li and Hui [64]

2014

Liaoning

≥ 18 years

(Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS

UI 1063/3456 (30.8)

ICS definitions

Not reported

SUI 750/3456 (21.7)

UUI 97/3456 (2.8)

MUI 176/3456 (5.1)

  1. E English-language articles searched from PubMed. POP pelvic organ prolapse
  2. aAll the questionnaires used in the studies were pencil and paper questionnaires
  3. bICIQ-FLUTS: Chinese version of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
  4. cICS: International Continence Society
  5. UI*: [88]
  6. SUI*: Urine leakage during exercise
  7. SUI**: In the past year, loss of urine more than twice when abdominal pressure is increased (including stress, laughing, coughing, etc.)
  8. UUI*: Urinating without any warning or a small amount of early warning, sudden stimulation results in uncontrolled urine outflow
  9. UUI**: Occurrence of urinary frequency, urgency, increased frequency of nocturnal discharge and decreased urine output, or cannot control, too late, leading to urine leakage
  10. MUI*: SUI and UUI exist at the same time