First author | Date range of study | Location (provinces) | Age (characteristic) | Instrument (methods)a | Prevalence (n/N (%)) | Authors’ definitions of UI and UI types | Associated factors [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (95% CI)] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang and Lei [8] | February 2006–July 2006 | Northwest, Northeast, North, Southwest, East, and South-central China | \(>\) 20 years | ICIQ-FLUTSb (face to face interviews by trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire) | UI 6052/18992 (31.9) | ICSc definitions | UI: Age 30–39 years (1.55, 1.34–1.80), 40–49 years (2.66, 2.29–3.10), 50–59 years (2.80, 2.32–3.38), 60–69 years (2.46, 1.98–3.06), 70–79 years (3.02, 2.39–3.81), 80–89 years (3.32, 2.52–4.31), ≥ 90 years (5.87, 3.58–9.65), BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 (1.77, 1.52–2.06), menopause (1.41, 1.24–1.61), residence (urban: 0.90, 0.84–0.97), constipation (1.87, 1.70–2.06), pelvic organ prolapse (POP) (1.96, 1.47–2.60), hypertension (1.29, 1.16–1.44), alcoholism (1.51, 1.35–1.68), vaginal delivery (1.63, 1.49–1.79) |
SUI 3592/18992 (18.9) | |||||||
UUI 488/18992 (2.6) | |||||||
MUI 1788/18992 (9.4) | |||||||
Sun and Wenyu [17] | 2012–2013 | Qinghai | 20–80 years | (Face to face) Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS) | UI 253/1066 (23.7) | ICS definitions | UI: Age (1.08, 1.05–1.12), natural vaginal delivery (0.002, 0.00–0.01), obstetric forceps vagina delivery (8.17, 1.49–44.77), parity (668.8, 146.09–3061.86), chronic cough (7.62, 1.84–31.57), constipation (2.72, 1.29–5.73) |
SUI 222/1066 (20.8) | |||||||
UUI 13/1066 (1.2) | |||||||
MUI 16/1066 (1.5) | |||||||
Liu and Tingting [18] | March 2013–October 2013 | Guangxi | 20–90 years | (Face to face) Nanning UI Epidemiological questionnaire | UI 663/2883 (23.0) | ICS definitions | SUI: Age (1.53, 1.13–2.00), chronic pelvic pain (0.73, 0.58–0.93), chronic respiratory disease (5.24, 1.17–21.27), BMI (1.53, 1.37–1.75), recurrent urinary tract infection (1.97, 1.08–3.65) |
SUI 376/2883 (13.0) | |||||||
Li and Jingxuan [19] | October 2012–June 2013 | Shandong | 18–90 years (married) | (Face to face) Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-Female LUTS | UI 1142/2600 (43.9) | ICS definitions | SUI: parity = 1 (1.24, 1.17–1.76), parity = 2 (2.96, 1.17–2.61), parity (3.25, 1.23–1.96), menopause (2.45, 1.01–2.35), constipation (1.39, 1.26–3.32), history of pelvic surgery (1.20, 1.00–1.73), BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2 (2.07, 1.52–3.54) |
SUI 571/2600 (22.0) | |||||||
UUI 199/2600 (7.7) | |||||||
MUI 372/2600 (14.3) | |||||||
UUI: Parity = 1 (1.10, 1.17–1.76), parity = 2 (2.01, 1.17–2.61), parity ≥ U (2.93, 1.23–3.32), constipation (1.52, 1.26–3.32), BM I(2.93 kg/m2 (2.07, 1.52–3.54); MUI: Age 50–59 (3.15, 1.20–3.07), age 60–69 (1.55, 1.01–2.46), age 70–79 (1.25, 1.14–1.88), age ≥ 80 years (1.11, 1.10–1.96), constipation (2.01, 1.26–3.32), menopause (1.11, 1.01–1.96) | |||||||
Arzigul [20] | June 2010–November 2010 | Xinjiang | Y: 17–78 years | (Face to face) Questionnaires (general condition, UI prevalence situation, childbirth and chronic diseases) | SUI 338/2009 (16.8) | ICS definitions | SUI: Prolonged delivery (4.72), Difficult birth (1.85), perineum tear (1.73), chronic pelvic pain (1.50), pelvic surgery (6.68), chronic cough (2.60). (No 95% CI is reported) |
Liu and Bo [21] | March 2010–September 2012 | Shanghai |  ≥ 20 years | Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS (face to face interviews by researchers with standardized questionnaire) | UI 1266/5433 (23.3) | ICS definitions | UI: Age (2.38, 2.16–2.63), education (2.80, 2.32–3.53), residence rural (1.95,1.64–2.31), manual labor (6.90,5.66–8.47), exercise frequency < 8 times/months (0.56, 0.47–0.68), hyperlipidemia (1.99, 1.56–2.53), no nervous system disease (0.31, 0.18–0.55), diabetes (1.69,1.20–2.38), nocturia (8.20, 6.72–10.01), constipation (7.53, 6.01–9.43), eating less greasy food (0.80, 0.73–0.88), respiratory diseases (2.67, 2.19–3.27), POP (7.37, 3.68–14.76), chronic pelvic pain (2.94, 2.20–3.91), urinary tract infection (7.75, 5.06–11.89) |
SUI 761/5433 (14.0) | |||||||
UUI 164/5433 (3.0) | |||||||
MUI 341/5433 (6.3) | |||||||
He and Chongjun [22] |  | Beijing | 19–58 years (nurses) | Beijing nurse Questionnaire LUTS | SUI 349/1070 (32.6) | SUI* | SUI: Occupational stress of nurses: unclear about task expectations, business stress. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
UUI 225/1070 (21.0) | UUI* | ||||||
UUI: Occupational stress of nurses: unclear about task expectations, task conflicts, work environment, tension of interpersonal relationship. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) | |||||||
Xie and Jiangling [23] | June 2011–December 2012 | Chongqing | 20–78 years | (Face to face) Self-designed questionnaire (refer to Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS) | SUI 135/666 (20.3) | ICS definitions | BMI, pelvic surgery history, hypertension, diabetes, chronic cough, constipation and other chronic diseases, perimenopausal period, multiple pregnancy abortions, parity, lateral episiotomy, perineal laceration. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
Jiang and Yan [24] | January 2016–May 2016 | Hebei | 18–91 years | (Face to face) self-designed questionnaire (refer to ICIQ-LUTS) | UI 667/2408 (27.7) | ICS definitions | UI: Age 40–49 years (5.76, 1.68–19.69), 50–59 years (8.76, 2.58–29.74), 60–69 years (8.85, 2.61–29.99), 70–79 years (6.43, 1.86–22.25), ≥ 80 years ( 4.55, 1.24–16.71), daily drinking water ≥ 1500 ml (0.75, 0.62–0.91), urinary system diseases (1.96, 1.32–2.91), respiratory diseases (1.62, 1.19–2.21), vaginitis (2.32, 1.32–4.10), abortion 1–2 times (1.51, 1.21–1.87), abortion ≥ 3 times (2.59, 1.41–4.75), hypertension (1.90, 1.52–2.38), chronic low back pain (1.52, 1.24–1.86), cesarean delivery (0.365, 0.20–0.69), postpartum infection (2.00, 1.10–3.65), dysmenorrhea (1.28, 1.04–1.57) |
SUI 557/2408 (23.1) | |||||||
UUI 38/2408 (1.6) | |||||||
MUI 72/2408 (3.0) | |||||||
Song and Yingchun [25] | July 2012–November 2012 | Shanxi | 20–87 years | (Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS | UI 882/3017 (29.2) | ICS definitions | UI: Age (1.70, 1.35–2.14), BMI (2.19, 1.68–2.84), organ prolapse (3.14, 2.49–3.95), cesarean delivery (2.38, 1.26–4.48), manual labor (2.67, 1.95–3.65), chronic cough (3.01, 1.47–6.61), constipation (2.23, 1.22–4.07), smoking (2.00, 1.37–2.91) |
 | SUI 547/3017 (18.1) | ||||||
UUI 138/3017 (4.6) | |||||||
MUI 184/3017 (6.1) | |||||||
Wang and Lihong [26] | March 2012–September 2012 | GANSU | 30–70 years | General survey | SUI 975/6000 (16.3) | ICS definitions | SUI: Age, parity, mode of delivery, place of residence, weight. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
Wan and Xiaohui [27] | April 2011to August 2011 | Xinjiang | 20–85 years (have sex or married) | (Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS | SUI 960/3403 (28.2) | ICS definitions | SUI: BMI (1.67, 1.08–2.58), parity (5.09, 3.89–6.67), weight of infant (5.62, 3.33–9.48), mode of delivery (2.25, 1.63–3.09), perineum lateral incision (4.45, 3.11–6.36), menopause (5.15, 3.61–7.33), chronic pelvic pain (3.87, 1.05–14.25), POP (3.50, 2.51–4.89) |
UUI 71/3403 (2.1) | |||||||
MUI 392/3403 (11.5) | |||||||
Liu and Zhaochun [28] | July 2015–September 2015 | Xinjiang | 30–70 years (Gynecology and obstetrics outpatient) | (Face to face) | SUI 53/166 (31.9) | ICS definitions | SUI: Menopause, parity, delivery, puerperal incontinence. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
ICIQ-UI | |||||||
Wu and Yonghong [29] | February 2013–June 2013 | Guangdong | 40–55 years (Perimenopausal period) | (Face to face) | SUI 211/1200 (17.6) | ICS definitions | Reported that UI was not associated with age |
ICIQ-UI | |||||||
Horng and Shiow-Shiun [30] | 2005 | Taiwan | 35–64 years | The short form 36 (SF-36) health survey (interview survey) | UI 1036/4661 (22.2) | ICS definitions | UI: Age 44–54 (1.53, 1.27–1.83), age 55–64 (1.88, 1.49–2.37), parity 1 time (1.87, 1.17–2.99), parity 2 time (2.58, 1.73–3.85), parity ≥ 3 times (2.83, 1.90–4.23), BMI 24–26.9 kg/m2 (1.48, 1.25–1.76), BMI.47.0 kg/m2 (2.33, 1.71–3.61), history of hormone replacement therapy (1.53, 1.17–1.99), psychiatric disease (1.45, 1.07–2.07), hyperlipidemia (1.35, 1.11–1.65), respiratory disease (1.62, 1.07–2.46) |
Chen and Cong [32] | January 2014–May 2014 | Zhejiang |  ≥ 20 years | Face to face questionnaire administration, Gynecological examination | SUI 244/986 (24.7) | ICS definitions | SUI: Age > 40 years (1.4, 1.0–2.0), vaginal delivery (2.6, 1.6–4.2), hypertension (1.7, 1.1–2.5), chronic coughing (3.6, 2.1–6.2), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (1.7, 1.1–2.4), educational level ≤ middle school (1.4, 1.4–1.9) |
UUI 47/986 (4.8) | |||||||
MUI 53/986 (5.4) | |||||||
Hu and Mengyan [33] | May 2010–July 2010 | Zhejiang | 20–82 years (gynecological outpatient and married) | face to face interview, Gynecologic examination | SUI 194/500 (38.8) | SUI** | SUI: Age, BMI, vaginal delivery, hypertension, diabetes, recurrent urinary tract infection, constipation, chronic diseases, anterior and posterior vaginal wall touch, uterine prolapse. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
Han and Daihua [34] | January 2015–September 2016 | Sichuan | 35–64 years | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI, Gynecological examination | UI 455/5217 (8.7) | ICS definitions | UI: Age (0.82, 0.70–0.95), education level (1.49, 1.23–1.90), chronic bronchitis or asthma (1.55, 1.02–2.35), parity (0.79, 0.66–0.95), postpartum incontinence (8.87, 6.57–11.99), BMI (0.96, 0.93–0.99), POP (1.64, 1.09–2.49) |
SUI 348/5217 (6.7) | |||||||
UUI 45/5217 (0.9) | |||||||
MUI 62/5217 (1.2) | |||||||
Sun and Yanling [35] | September 2018–December 2018 | Jiangsu |  ≥ 18 years (urban and rural) | (Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS | Urban | ICS definitions | Urban |
UI 245/443(55.3) |  | UI: Age (1.35, 1.04–1.43), occupation (1.82, 1.16–2.89), alcohol consumption (7.37, 1.06–28.76), smoking (1.23, 1.15–2.67), sitting > 2 h/day (5.43, 1.10–21.82) | |||||
SUI 128/443 (28.9) | |||||||
UUI 79/443 (17.8) | |||||||
MUI 38/443 (8.6) | |||||||
Rural | |||||||
Rural |  | UI: Age (1.06, 1.02–1.09), occupation (2.86, 1.25–6.56), alcohol consumption (7.85, 1.57–29.24), smoking (1.09, 1.01–2.52), sitting > 2 h/day (6.31, 1.59–26.86), load frequently > 3 kg (3.65, 1.38–16.79) | |||||
UI 268/384 (69.8) | |||||||
SUI 169/384 (44.0) | |||||||
UUI 51/384 (13.3) | |||||||
MUI 48/384 (12.5) | |||||||
Deng and Li [36] | July 2012–December 2012 | Guangxi | 22–78 years | (Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS | UI 91/1052 (37.2) | ICS definitions | UI: Age 40–49 years (1.96, 1.02–3.78), natural vaginal delivery (8.66, 4.78–15.68), perineum lateral incision (2.89, 1.64–5.27), cesarean delivery (2.31, 1.29–4.17), hypertension (1.98, 0.91–3.37), menopause (2.11, 1.10–3.56), pelvic surgery (2.38, 1.04–5.47), chronic cough (2.65, 1.43–4.92), constipation (2.11, 1.39–3.22) |
SUI 202/1052 (19.2) | |||||||
UU I 24/1052 (2.3) | |||||||
MUI 165/1052 (15.7) | |||||||
Wen and Fang [37] | October 2014–November 2014 | Guizhou | 18–70 years (married) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form | UI 68/294 (23.1) | Not reported | UI: Age (1.04, 1.01–1.07), ethnicity (2.53, 1.31–4.89), place of delivery (3.15, 1.42–6.99), mode of delivery (2.34, 1.09–5.05) |
Zhang and Lijuan [38] | September 2011–June 2013 | Jiangsu | 20–72 years (gynecological outpatient) | Questionnaire investigation, routine physical examination | SUI 302/2655 (11.4) | Not reported | SUI: Parity (1.52, 1.13–2.36), age (1.29, 1.03–1.63), constipation (1.79, 1.30–6.84), vaginal delivery (2.95, 1.10–7.56), Prolonged delivery (3.54, 1.43–9.37), hysterectomy (3.75, 3.19–9.58), perineum laceration (1.35, 1.09–1.35) |
Li and Jianjun [39] | March 2011–June 2011 | Hunan | 17–75 years (gynecological outpatient) | ICIQ-LUTS (long form) | SUI 122/769 (15.9) | Not reported | Not reported |
UUI 35/769 (4.6) | |||||||
MUI 23/769 (3.0) | |||||||
Li and Fang [40] | October 2012 | Shanxi |  ≥ 20 years (gynecological outpatient) | (Face to face) Questionnaire administration | UI 210/421 (49.9) | Not reported | UI: Age, BMI, education, daily water intake, more pregnancy, Parity, vaginal delivery, and intensity of labor. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
Wang and Xin [41] | January 2012–October 2012 | Jilin | 60–87 years (urban) | ICIQ-UI | UI 305/986 (30.9) | Not reported | UI: Respiratory diseases (1.50, 1.10–2.50), urinary diseases (2.60, 1.30–4.20), cardiovascular diseases (2.20, 1.20–4.20), gynecologic diseases (3.30, 1.90–5.40), parity > 4 times (1.80, 1.20–2.10), restriction of autonomic activity (2.40, 1.50–4.10) |
SUI 98/986 (10.0) | |||||||
UUI 69/986 (7.0) | |||||||
MUI 138/986 (14.0) | |||||||
Shi and Lihua [42] | April 2014–April 2015 | Jiangxi | 20–80 years | Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS, pad testing | UI 150/500 (30.0) | SUI:ICS | Not reported |
SUI 93/500 (18.6) | UUI** | ||||||
UUI 37/500 (7.4) | MUI:SUI and UUI exist at the same time | ||||||
MUI 20/500 (4.0) | |||||||
Xin and Chunyan [43] | April 2013–September 2014 | Xinjiang |  ≥ 65 years | (Face to face) Questionnaire administration (refer to ICIQ-UI) | UI 682/1148 (59.4) | SUI:ICS definitions | Not reported |
SUI 335/1148 (29.2) | |||||||
UUI 83/1148 (7.2) | UUI** | ||||||
MUI 264/1148 (23.0) | MUI* | ||||||
Zhou and Fang [44] | October 2017–December 2017 | Jiangsu | 18–26 years (college students) | (Face to face) ICIQ-FLUTS | UI 219/929 (23.6) | ICS definitions | Age: 21–26 years old comparing with 18–20 years old (0.87, 0.77–0.98), constipation (2.40, 1.49–3.84), alcohol consumption (1.76, 1.11–2.79), often/always delayed urination (1.74, 1.31–2.31), often/always strained to urinate (1.43, 1.11–1.85) |
Chu and Lei [45] | January 2012–September 2012 | Shanghai | 20–83 years | (Face to face interviews) Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS | UI 2103/7314 (28.8) | ICS definitions | UI: Postmenopausal (1.10, 1.04–1.17), pelvic surgery (1.38, 1.29–1.49), more than twice vaginal delivery history (1.49, 1.25–1.44), more than 20 weeks of pregnancy history (1.34, 1.25–1.44), the first vaginal delivery at < 20 years old (1.58, 1.46–1.71), obstetric forceps vagina delivery (2.75, 2.54–2.97), diabetes (1.16, 1.06–1.28), education (0.95, 0.90–0.99), hypertension (1.33, 1.23–1.43), BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (2.37, 2.22–2.54) |
SUI 1719/7314 (23.5) | |||||||
UUI 154/7314 (2.1) | |||||||
MUI 183/7314 (2.5) | |||||||
Gao and Jixue [46] | May 2010–April 2013 | Shanxi | 21–72 years | (Face to face) Questionnaire administration, provocative test | UI 210/589 (35.7) | ICS definitions | SUI: Age, BMI, alcohol consumption, educational level. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
SUI 128/589 (21.7) | |||||||
Luo and Xiaomei [47] | March 2015–September 2015 | Xizang |  ≥ 20 years | (Face to face) Self-designed questionnaire (health characteristics and UI occurrence) | SUI 342/1200 (28.5) | ICS definitions | SUI: Urinary tract infection (1.67, 1.42–1.98), menopause (1.22, 1.16–1.29), uterine prolapse (1.49, 1.34–1.66), Anterior vaginal prolapse (1.68, 1.63–1.73), Posterior vaginal prolapse (1.08, 1.07–1.10), BMI (1.13, 1.11–1.16), perineal laceration, postpartum labor, chronic bronchitis (1.26, 1.23–1.29), cardiovascular disease (1.16, 1.15–1.18), constipation (1.13, 1.12–1.15), occupation (1.39, 1.36–1.42), education level low (1.10, 1.09–1.11), smoking (1.13, 1.11–1.56) |
Xu and Ling [48] | June 2011 | Shanghai | ≥ 30 years | Face to face interviews Bristol Standardized Questionnaire-FLUTS | UI 218/597 (36.5) | ICS definitions | Not reported |
SUI 104/597 (17.4) | |||||||
UUI 32/597 (5.4) | |||||||
MUI 82/597 (13.7) | |||||||
Wang and Yuliang [49] | October 2012–Jane 2013 | Northwest, northeast, north, central, and south China | ≥ 18 years | ICIQ-FLUTS (face to face interviews with questionnaires) | SUI 265/1472 (17.4) | ICS definitions | All LUTS: Age, alcohol consumption, smoking, parity (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
UUI 56/1472 (3.8) | |||||||
MUI 47/1472 (3.2) | |||||||
Huang and Dong [50] | 2011 | Guangdong | ≥ 20 years | Face to face questionnaire administration (health characteristics and UI occurrence) | UI 2373/6870 (34.5) | ICS definitions | UI: Age (1.94, 1.51–3.99), mode of delivery (2.01, 1.08–5.02), process of childbirth (2.22, 0.52–9.89), constipation (2.78, 1.77–5.52), urinary tract infection (1.31, 1.01–3.66), and oral contraceptive drugs (1.59, 1.18–3.82) |
SUI 1150/6870 (16.7) | |||||||
UUI 309/6870 (4.5) | |||||||
MUI 914/6870 (13.3) | |||||||
Li and Hong [51] | May 2014–March 2015 | HUBEI | 45–55 years (Perimenopausal period) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI | SUI 526/2057 (25.6) | ICS definitions | SUI: Age (1.63, 1.41–1.83), parity (2.35, 1.89–2.86), POP (2.10, 1.65–4.02), pelvic surgery (2.06, 1.90–3.32), urinary tract infection (2.40, 1.76–3.05) |
Lu and Shi [52] | April 2014–October 2014 | Hubei | 40–65 years | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI short form | UI 397/1067 (37.2) | ICS definitions | UI: Menstrual disorder (1.54, 1.06–2.24), menopause (1.41, 1.03–1.93), BMI 18.5–25.0 kg/m2 (2.98, 1.17–7.60), BMI > 25 kg/m2 (3.37, 1.24–9.12), atrophic vaginitis (1.49, 1.08–2.04), constipation (1.82, 1.32–2.51), POP (5.07, 3.37–7.63), chronic pelvic pain (1.82, 1.32–2.51), fecal incontinence (2.89, 2.31–3.34) |
SUI 344/1067 (32.2) | |||||||
UUI 230/1067 (21.6) | |||||||
MUI 177/1067 (16.6) | |||||||
Li and Tao [53] | April 2014–Oct ober 2014 | HUBEI | 40–65 years (perimenopausal) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form | SUI 504/1519 (33.2) | ICS definitions | SUI: Age: 60–65 years old (3.40, 1.92–6.04), Cesarean Sect. (0.62, 0.40–0.92), atrophic vaginitis (1.36, 1.03–1.80), constipation (1.44, 1.07–1.93), chronic pelvic pain (2.17, 1.90–4.03), POP (2.81, 1.36–5.79), fecal incontinence (3.32, 2.03–5.43), monthly income: 2000–3999 comparing with ≤ 1999 (0.063, 0.40–0.92) |
UUI 366/1519 (24.1) | |||||||
MUI 264/1519 (17.4) | |||||||
Lu and Shi [54] | April 2014–December 2014 | HUBEI | 40–65 years (perimenopausal) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form | UI 585/1519 (38.5) | ICS definitions | UI: Age: over 50 years old (2.0, 1.21–3.29), overweight (BMI: 25–30 kg/m2) (2.85, 1.33–6.07), irregular menstruation (1.45, 1.03–2.06), gynecological diseases (1.31, 1.01–1.70), chronic pelvic pain (2.32, 1.48–3.64), POP (2.33, 1.61–3.37), constipation (1.42, 1.07–1.88), fecal incontinence (3.29, 2.33–4.65) |
SUI 482/1519 (31.9) | |||||||
UUI 366/1519 (24.1) | |||||||
MUI 264/1519 (17.4) | |||||||
Wang and Bingyi [55] | No time is reported | Beijing | 35–64 years | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form | UI 59/126 (46.8) | ICS definitions | Age (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
Chang and kengming [56] |  | Taiwan |  ≥ 60 years | Face to face interview | UI 485/1517 (32.0) | ICS definitions | UI: Age (1.04, 1.02–1.07), diabetes mellitus (1.65, 1.11–2.47), previous urinary disease (3.46, 2.26–5.30), BMI (1.06, 1.01–1.11) |
Li and Ruixia [57] | Apr 2013–Jun 2013 | Shanghai | 60–70 yeas | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI | UI 332/1962 (16.9) | ICS definitions | UI: BMI, pregnancy, pregnancy leakage, gynecological diseases, constipation, urinary tract infection, chronic respiratory disease. (No ORs and 95% CI is reported) |
SUI 237/1962 (12.1) | |||||||
Gao and Maolong [58] | January 2013–May 2013 | Beijing | ≥ 60 years | (Face to face) Author-designed Questionnaire (Social and health characteristics) | UI 164/694 (23.6) | Patient reported | UI: Age 80–84 years (1.72, 0.96–3.08), age ≥ 85 years (2.49, 1.22–5.06), malnutrition (1.69, 1.08–2.65), chronic pain (1.47, 1.01–2.14), cognitive disorder (1.56, 1.08–2.24), sleep disorders (1.76, 1.22–2.53), drugs 1–4 types (2.23, 1.04–4.76), drug ≥ 5 types (5.07, 2.30–11.19) |
Li and Yan [59] | 2017 | Sichuan | 60–97 years (pension institutions) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form, | UI 102/205 (49.8) | ICS definitions | UI: BMI < 24 kg/m2 (0.38, 0.18–0.78), spouse (2.54, 1.20–5.38), Mental labour (0.25, 0.12–0.53), no alcohol consumption (0.40, 0.16–0.96), no delayed voiding (0.12, 0.05–0.30), number of chronic disease < 2 types (0.39, 0.18–0.83), parity ≥ 4 (2.82, 1.18–6.75), age of the first parity < 21 years (2.76, 1.03–7.43) |
SUI 35/205 (17.1) | |||||||
UUI 21/205 (10.2) | |||||||
MUI 41/205 (20.0) | |||||||
Chen and Mina [60] | No time is reported | Zhejianng | 60–100 years (medical and nursing institutions) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form, | UI 217/352 (61.6) | ICS definitions | Education (0.59, 0.41–0.86), income (0.58, 0.37–0.92), medical payment method (1.64, 1.09–2.49), have no other disease (0.27, 0.13–0.58), activities of daily living (1.37, 1.12–1.67), indwelling catheterization (13.31, 2.35–75.22) |
Zhu and Zhichao [61] | January 2014–December 2014 | Zhejiang | 20–81 years | ICIQ-UI | UI 301/1178 (25.5) | UI* | UI: Age (1.02, 1.00–1.05), natural vaginal delivery (2.53, 1.10–5.84), difficult vaginal delivery (4.54, 1.63–12.64), Cesarean delivery (3.07, 1.10–1.45), parity (1.10, 1.00–1.21), BMI 20–25 kg/m2 (1.43, 1.14–1.80), BMI > 25 kg/m2 (1.40, 1.17–1.89), hypertension (1.32, 1.01–1.74), diabetes (1.49, 1.17–1.89), other diseases (1.21, 1.02–1.45) |
Che and Xinyan [62] | July 2018 | Beijing | Mean: 39.4 ± 9.9 years (medical staff) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI-short form, | SUI 63/146(43.2) | ICS definitions | Constipation (4.95, 1.81–13.53), Natural delivery (3.50, 1.49–8.21) |
Liu and Yanjuan [63] | Nov 2010–Nov 2011 | Hebei |  ≥ 20 years (railway workers) | (Face to face) ICIQ-UI | UI 474/1368 (34.6) | ICS definitions | Not reported |
SUI 296/1368 (21.6) | |||||||
UUI 52/1368 (3.8) | |||||||
MUI 126/1368 (9.2) | |||||||
Li and Hui [64] | 2014 | Liaoning | ≥ 18 years | (Face to face) ICIQ-LUTS | UI 1063/3456 (30.8) | ICS definitions | Not reported |
SUI 750/3456 (21.7) | |||||||
UUI 97/3456 (2.8) | |||||||
MUI 176/3456 (5.1) |