Table 3 Subgroup analyses for postoperative complications in meta-analysis

All patients

2.41 (1.42–4.07)

6.48 (2.20–19.12)

0.62 (0.25–1.52)

5.95 (1.13–31.30)

0.75 (0.23–2.46)

Hypospadias type

 D & M

1.77 (0.89–3.53)

0.26

4.55 (0.90–23.05)

0.59

0.34 (0.09–1.24)

0.22

5.53 (0.73–41.82)

0.90

0.51 (0.08–3.27)

0.60

 D, M & P

3.25 (1.45–7.30)

8.32 (1.91–36.31)

1.07 (0.28–4.10)

7.00 (0.38–128.87)

0.97 (0.20–4.63)

Study design

 Retro

14.43 (0.90–232.26)

0.16

10.71 (0.65–175.08)

0.68

1.40 (0.06–33.28)

0.59

–

–

3.26 (0.17–60.89)

0.24

 Pro

1.92 (1.13–3.26)

5.63 (1.77–17.97)

0.56 (0.22–1.43)

5.95 (1.13–31.30)

0.45 (0.11–1.90)

Perioperative use of antibiotics

 Yes

2.88 (1.51–5.46)

0.24

6.26 (1.76–22.22)

0.90

0.45 (0.14–1.43)

0.40

–

–

0.82 (0.23–2.96)

0.76

 No

1.47 (0.58–3.71)

7.26 (0.93–56.54)

1.00 (0.23–4.37)

5.95 (1.13–31.30)

0.48 (0.02–11.13)