Risk factors for incident delirium among urological patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis with GRADE summary of findings

Table 4 GRADE summary of findings table

Certainty assessment							№ of patients		Effect		Certainty	Importance
No. of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Delirium	Non-delirium	Relative (95% CI)	Absolute (95% CI)	Certainty	Importance
Clock drawing test
2	Observational studies	Very serious ^a	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	None	111	464	−	MD 2.443 lower (3.029 lower to 1.857 lower)	⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW	IMPORTANT
Age
3	Observational studies	Very serious ^c	Not serious	Not serious	Serious ^b	None	46	617	−	MD 4.314 higher (1.597 higher to 7.032 higher)	⨁◯◯◯ VERY LOW	IMPORTANT

Bibliography: Tai et al. [29], Tognoni et al. [30], Sato et al. [32], Xue et al. [31]
CI confidence interval, MD mean difference, OR odds ratio
*p-value < 0.05. See Additional file 1: Fig. 1 for corresponding forest plots
Explanations
a. Downgraded as both studies did not control for age or other factors associated with delirium
b. Wide confidence intervals
c. Downgraded as all 3 studies did not control for age or other factors associated with delirium

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