Table 1 Reports of mechanism of intravenous nephrostomy tube misplacement
First author | References | Original operation | Steps: first step | Steps: second step | Steps: third step | Is the guidewire in the vein? | When is the vein torn? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dias-Filho | [3] | Tuber placement | A vein is perforated by a guidewire | The injured vein is dilated | The catheter is placed inside the vein | Yes | During dilating at the initial stage of operation |
Kotb | [8] | Tuber placement | The silicon catheter passes into a major vein after penetrating the renal parenchymal | The guidewire is not used | At the initial stage of operation | ||
Chen | [6] | PCNL | The fascial dilators tear a large vein | The sheath directs the catheter inside the vessels | No | During dilating at the initial stage of operation | |
Fu | [9] | PCNL | The dilator sheath injures the renal vein | The guidewire perforates into the renal vein and the injured vein is dilatated | The catheter is placed inside the vessels | Yes | During dilating at the initial stage of operation |
Mazzucchi | [5] | PCNL | A lesion in a large renal vein branch is caused by the instruments | The sheath directs the catheter inside the vessels | No | During the fragmentation process | |
Wang | [7] | PCNL | A lesion in a large renal vein branch is caused by the instruments | The sheath directs the catheter inside the vessels | No | During the fragmentation process |