Table 24 Studies in the Asia–Pacific region involving patients with GUTB

Mishra [33] (2020)

53

Department of Urology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (India)

Patients with confirmed GUTB

Demographic, clinical presentation

Urinary profile, routine blood exams

Urine AFB smear test, urine MTB culture

Radiological examinations, cystoscopic examination, histopathological examinations

4-year prospective observational case series

Huang [10] (2019)

57

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Chiayi (Taiwan)

Patients with diagnosis of GUTB with at least one of the following: positive MTB culture or histologic evidence

Demographics, comorbidities, symptoms and signs

Results of mycobacterial smears and cultures, histopathology

CBCs, serum biochemistry profile

Chest radiography

GU tract operations, anti-TB therapy, complications, clinical outcomes

15-year retrospective study

Kim [35] (2018)

56

Severance Hospital, Seoul

(South Korea)

Participants older than 18 years diagnosed with GUTB based on presence of any clinical finding plus a positive result for one of the ff: (1) urine AFB, (2) urine MTB culture, (3) urine MTB PCR, or (4) histopathology

Clinical and laboratory data

Diagnostic methods, treatment modalities and outcomes

11-year retrospective study

Cao [36] (2017)

419

Peking University First Hospital (China)

All patients with clinical renal TB with microbiologic or histologic confirmation

Demographics, clinical data, complications, treatment

Laboratory findings

Imaging findings

Pathologic features

15-year retrospective study

Krishnamoorthy [8] (2017)

110

Chennai, Tamil Nadu (India)

Patients with either (1) proven GUTB based on urine AFB smear, AFB culture, histopathological evidence of TB, and/or by serological methods; or (2) presumed GUTB who had ≥ 2 consistent features on urological imaging or endoscopic evaluation

Clinical history and examination

Serum biochemistry

Urine culture

Imaging findings

3-year retrospective study

Ye [37] (2016)

193

West China Hospital, Sichuan University (China)

Cases with definite UTB based on results of comprehensive diagnosis, including clinical features, laboratory results (i.e., smear microscopy, MTB culture, real-time PCR, and histological patterns), radiological findings, and response to anti-TB therapy

Demographic data, clinical history, prognosis

Radiological findings

Selected laboratory results

5-year cross-sectional study

Singh [38] (2013)

117

Urology Department of Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research and SSKM Hospital (India)

All cases clinically diagnosed as GUTB

Clinical presentation

Urine AFB smear, urine MTB culture, urine PCR for MTB

Radiological and histopathological examinations

13-year retrospective study

Chandra [39] (2012)

25

Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttarkhand State (India)

Male patients with histopathologically confirmed GUTB

Occupation, socioeconomic status

Clinical history

Relevant radiological, laboratory and histopathology findings

Treatment

13-year retrospective study

Hsu [40] (2011)

64

National Taiwan University Hospital and Taipei Medical University – Wan Fang Hospital (Taiwan)

All patients with urine culture-confirmed GUTB

Clinical features

Laboratory characteristics

Treatment outcomes

Genotypic characteristics of MTB isolates

12-year retrospective study

Lee [17] (2011)

101

Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine (Korea)

Patients diagnosed with GUTB based on the presence of one or more positivities in terms of histopathological findings, urine AFB smear, urine MTB culture, and urine PCR for MTB

Yearly proportion, gender, patient distribution according to age, history of TB, and presence of other organ TB

Urinalysis findings

10-year retrospective study

Karnjanawanichkul [41] (2010)

35

Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla (Thailand)

Patients diagnosed with urinary tract TB by demonstration of AFB in urine smear, growth from urine MTB culture, or consistent histopathologic findings

Demographic data, clinical features

Laboratory data

Chest x-ray, intravenous urography, ultrasonography, or endoscopic findings

10-year retrospective study

Takahashi [42] (2007)

12

Urology clinics of six medical centers, Hokkaido (Japan)

Patients diagnosed with urinary TB based on NAAT or histopathology

Demographic data, clinical features

Detection method for MTB

Diagnostic findings

Treatment, outcomes, and medication-related adverse events

5-year retrospective study

Hsieh [18] (2006)

31

Kaohsiunng Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung (Taiwan)

Patients diagnosed with GUTB based on microbiological or histological findings plus compatible clinical and roentgenographic findings

Baseline characteristics, underlying diseases, treatment responses, and outcomes

11-year retrospective study

Buccholz [43] (2000)

55

Aga Khan University Hospital (Pakistan)

In-patients with GUTB proven either by urine culture positivity for MTB, or histopathology

Age, sex, concomitant diseases, medical history, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

13-year retrospective study

Ramanathan [34] (1998)

38

Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow (India)

All patients with either: (1) urinary TB based on positive urine or pus cultures for MTB or histopathology, or (2) presumed urinary TB with ≥ 3 consistent features on urological imaging or endoscopy

History and physical examination

Serum chemistry

Urine culture

Chest x-ray and ultrasonography

8-year retrospective study

Dy [16] (1995)

61

Santo Tomas University Hospital (Philippines)

In-patients clinically diagnosed with GUTB

Demographic features

Presenting manifestations, history of previous TB

Diagnostic modalities (radiographic, bacteriologic, histopathologic)

Therapeutic modalities

Case series

Tanchuco [15] (1987)

42

Philippine General Hospital and National Kidney Institute (Philippines)

Patients with discharge diagnosis of urinary tract TB based on the presence of one of the following: positive urine AFB smear, positive urine AFB culture, or consistent histopathologic findings

Clinical and laboratory parameters

6-year retrospective study