Table 26 Studies in the Asia–Pacific region illustrating the clinical presentation of patients with GUTB

Mishra [33] (2020)

Constitutional symptoms (28.3%)

Irritative voiding symptoms (69.8%), hematuria (56.6%), flank pain (56.6%), associated renal failure (13.2%), infertility and hematospermia (5.6%), scrotal mass (1.9%)

Huang [10] (2019)

Median, 4 m (range, 0.5–50 m)

75.4%

Fever (56.1%), malaise/fatigue (36.8), weight loss (31.6%), night sweats (8.8%)

71.9%

Gross hematuria (40.4%), frequency/urgency (33.3%), dysuria (29.8%), flank pain (26.3%)

Kim [35] (2018)

Nonspecific symptoms (fever, anorexia, weight loss, sweating, weakness, peripheral lymphadenopathy) (12.5%)

Urinary frequency or dysuria, urethral pain, or irritable voiding symptoms (55.4%); loin or abdominal pain (42.9%); gross hematuria (33.9%); scrotal pain/mass (19.6%); abscess or fistula (5.4%); vaginal bleeding (3.6%)

Cao [36] (2017)

Constitutional symptoms including weight loss, fever, night sweats, and/or fatigue (38.9%)

Lower urinary tract symptoms including frequency, urgency, and odynuria (65.2%); flank pain (37.9%); gross hematuria (26.3%)

Krishnamoorthy [8] (2017)

Loin pain (27.0%), storage symptoms (25.5%), hematuria (12.0%), stone disease (9.1%), palpable mass (8.2%), scrotal sinus (5.5%), infertility (2.7%), gastrointestinal symptoms (2.7%), urosepsis (1.8%), renal failure (1.8%), calcified kidney (0.9%), urinoma (0.9%)

Ye [37] (2016)

Fever (26.4%), night sweat (13.0%), weight loss (10.9%)

Urinary irritation (61.1%), lumbago (49.2%)

Singh [38] (2013)

32.6%

Irritative voiding symptoms (66.47%), hematuria (47.6%), flank pain (33.8%), recurrent urinary tract symptoms (18.9%), scrotal mass (5.1%), colocutaneous fistula (0.8%), nephrocutaneous fistula (1.8%), associated renal failure (14.7%), infertility or hematospermia (3.4%)

Chandra [39] (2012)

Fever and malaise (32.0%)

Urgency and increased frequency of micturition (56%), lumbar pain (56%), dysuria (52%), hematuria (44%), pyuria (40%), infertility (12%), renal failure (8%), recurrent abscess (8%), scrotal lump (8%), scrotal sinus (4%)

Hsu [40] (2011)

182.0 ± 311.1 d (range, 5 to 1245 d)

51.6%

Fever (43.8%), fatigue (37.5%), body weight loss (12.5%)

62.5%

Dysuria (31.3%), frequency (31.3%), flank pain (28.1%), hematuria (17.2%), scrotal pain or mass (10.9%)

Lee [17] (2011)

Fever (3.0%)

Frequency (40.6%), hematuria (33.7%), dysuria (16.8%), flank pain (16.8%), scrotal swelling (3%)

Karnjanawanichkul [41] (2010)

 < 6 m (65.7%), 6–12 m (17.1%), > 1 years (8.6%), uncertain data (8.6%)

Frequency (48.6%), dysuria (42.9%), hematuria (31.4%), abdominal pain or mass (25.7%), urethral pain (20.0%), retention (14.3%), cutaneous fistula (14.3%), renal failure (5.7%)

Takahashi [42] (2007)

Median duration; between initial symptoms and clinic visit: 120 d (range, 3–360 d); between clinic visit and diagnosis: 14 d (7–150 d)

Chief complaint: frequency (58.3%), hematuria (25.0%), positive nuclear matrix protein 22 on screening test for bladder cancer (8.3%), incidental right renal tumor (8.3%)

Hsieh [18] (2006)

Mean, 2 m (range, 5 d to 18 m)

Fever (29.0%), malaise/fatigue (12.9%), night sweats (3.2%), body weight loss (3.2%)

Frequency/urgency (61.3%), dysuria (58.1%), flank pain (35.5%), gross hematuria (32.2%), scrotal mass/pain (16.1%)

Buccholz [43] (2000)

Fever (36.0%), lassitude (13.0%), weight loss (13.0%)

Dysuria (49%), frequency (40%), flank pain (36%), gross hematuria (31%), urgency (15%), testicular swelling (13%), suprapubic pain (9%), renal colic (1%)

Ramanathan [34] (1998)

Pain (63.6%), hematuria (61.3%), lump (18.2%)

Dy [16] (1995)

Mean, M: 30.4 ± 42.09 m (range, 0.25–180), F: 27.8 ± 35.2 m (0.5–168)

Fever (29.5%), weight loss (18.0%), chills (9.8%), nausea/vomiting (6.6%), anorexia (6.6%)

Dysuria (32.8%), flank pain (27.9%), hematuria (19.6%), hypogastric pain (19.6%), nocturia (19.6%), frequency (18%), edema (14.8%), vaginal spotting (13.1%), costovertebral angle tenderness (11.4%), urgency (9.8%), hesitancy (6.6%)

Tanchuco [15] (1987)

Fever (52.4%), weight loss (26.2%), chills (21.4%), malaise (11.9%), night sweats (2.4%)

Dysuria (71.5%), hematuria (62.0%), flank pain (44.5%), turbid urine (47.6%), frequency (40.5%), hypogastric pain 23.8%), edema (4.8%)