Table 2 The pooled relationship between various risk factors and relapse of kidney stone disease
From: Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Risk factors | No. of studies | No. of patients | OR (95% CI) | P value | Model | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2(%) | P | ||||||
Demographic risk factors | |||||||
Age | 18 | 28,315 | 0.980 (0.966–0.995) | 0.009# | Random | 84.7 | < 0.001§ |
BMI | 16 | 22,087 | 1.045 (1.008–1.083) | 0.016* | Random | 62.4 | < 0.001§ |
Sex | 23 | 41,466 | 1.046 (0.945–1.157) | 0.388 | Random | 65.8 | < 0.001§ |
Race | 3 | 4,707 | 1.338 (1.033–1.732) | 0.027* | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.982 |
Pregnant or childbirth | 2 | 3,609 | 0.896 (0.228–3.525) | 0.875 | Random | 96.8 | < 0.001§ |
Gout | 3 | 18,083 | 1.181 (0.745–1.871) | 0.479 | Random | 79.4 | 0.008# |
Diabetes | 5 | 29,938 | 1.095 (0.959–1.251) | 0.179 | Random | 56.3 | 0.058 |
Hypertension | 5 | 29,938 | 1.126 (1.076–1.178) |  < 0.001§ | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.579 |
Hyperlipidemia | 3 | 13,114 | 1.020 (0.670–1.553) | 0.925 | Random | 74.4 | 0.020* |
Osteoporosis | 2 | 16,113 | 1.140 (0.743–1.749) | 0.550 | Random | 52.5 | 0.147 |
Urinary tract anomalies | 2 | 178 | 1.098 (0.274–4.405) | 0.895 | Random | 65.8 | 0.087 |
Kidney stone-related risk factors | |||||||
Family history of kidney stones | 12 | 11,912 | 1.194 (1.078–1.323) | 0.001# | Random | 46.8 | 0.037* |
Personal history of kidney stones | 11 | 10,784 | 1.428 (1.230–1.658) | < 0.001§ | Random | 52.1 | 0.022* |
Any gross hematuria with first symptomatic stone | 2 | 2,737 | 1.068 (0.893–1.276) | 0.473 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.324 |
Suspected kidney stone episodea prior to first confirmed stone episode | 3 | 6,101 | 1.815 (1.559–2.114) | < 0.001§ | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.802 |
Any concurrent asymptomatic (nonobstructing) stone | 2 | 2,737 | 1.711 (1.464–1.999) | < 0.001§ | Fixed | 2.0 | 0.312 |
Uric acid stone | 4 | 4,602 | 1.957 (1.414–2.707) | < 0.001§ | Fixed | 40.0 | 0.172 |
Calcium oxalate monohydrate | 2 | 3,612 | 0.897 (0.785–1.025) | 0.110 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.331 |
Calcium phosphate stone | 2 | 1,865 | 1.271 (0.592–2.731) | 0.538 | Fixed | 37.2 | 0.207 |
Diameter of largest kidney stone | 8 | 3,771 | 1.047 (0.995–1.101) | 0.076 | Random | 74.4 | < 0.001§ |
Multiple calculi | 4 | 1,760 | 1.338 (0.965–1.855) | 0.080 | Random | 80.3 | 0.002# |
Bilateral nephrolithiasis | 2 | 2,218 | 2.175 (0.860–5.500) | 0.101 | Random | 82.2 | 0.018* |
Pelvic or lower pole kidney stone | 3 | 6,101 | 1.666 (1.264–2.195) | < 0.001§ | Random | 76.6 | 0.014* |
Ureteral stone | 2 | 1,387 | 0.888 (0.380–2.075) | 0.785 | Random | 85.7 | 0.008# |
Ureterovesical junction stone | 3 | 6,101 | 0.845 (0.761–0.937) | 0.001# | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.439 |
Treatment method risk factors | |||||||
Stone prevention medications | 9 | 4,316 | 0.752 (0.548–1.033) | 0.078 | Random | 76.0 | < 0.001§ |
Potassium citrate | 4 | 2,992 | 0.732 (0.345–1.554) | 0.417 | Random | 87.7 | < 0.001§ |
Surgery | 3 | 8,23 | 2.161 (1.557–2.998) | < 0.001§ | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.457 |
ESWl | 4 | 1,495 | 1.756 (0.606–5.086) | 0.299 | Random | 93.9 | < 0.001§ |
24-h urine and serum tests related risk factors | |||||||
Baseline urine volume | 6 | 1,789 | 0.934 (0.756–1.154) | 0.528 | Random | 64.0 | 0.016* |
Baseline urine calcium | 8 | 2,552 | 1.001 (0.997–1.005) | 0.531 | Random | 55.9 | 0.026* |
Baseline low urine citrate | 7 | 2,371 | 1.000 (0.998–1.002) | 0.994 | Random | 55.6 | 0.035* |
Baseline urine oxalate | 7 | 2,371 | 0.999 (0.993–1.004) | 0.675 | Fixed | 26.3 | 0.228 |
Baseline urine sodium | 4 | 1,719 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 0.325 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.563 |
Baseline urine uric acid | 6 | 2,232 | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.992 | Random | 51.1 | 0.069 |
Baseline urine magnesium | 3 | 1,095 | 1.081 (0.777–1.503) | 0.645 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.780 |
Baseline urine phosphate | 2 | 422 | 0.978 (0.315–3.038) | 0.969 | Random | 89.4 | 0.002# |
Baselin urine osmolality | 2 | 855 | 1.257 (0.629–2.515) | 0.517 | Random | 83.3 | 0.014* |
CaOx SS (DG) | 2 | 314 | 0.808 (0.611–1.068) | 0.134 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.972 |
Serum calcium | 2 | 348 | 1.033 (0.787–1.356) | 0.817 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.790 |
GFR | 3 | 1,094 | 1.017 (0.963–1.074) | 0.539 | Random | 92.3 | < 0.001§ |
24 h urine test completion | 2 | 448,909 | 1.157 (1.128–1.186) |  < 0.001§ | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.519 |