Table 3 The pooled relationship between various risk factors and any radiographic relapse of kidney stone disease
From: Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Risk factors | No. of studies | No. of patients | OR (95% CI) | P value | Model | Heterogeneity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 (%) | P | ||||||
Demographic risk factors | |||||||
Age | 6 | 5,020 | 0.996 (0.971–1.022) | 0.762 | Random | 79.5 | < 0.001§ |
BMI | 9 | 15,473 | 1.062 (1.015–1.111) | 0.009# | Random | 63.6 | 0.005# |
Sex | 12 | 16,245 | 1.128 (0.976–1.305) | 0.104 | Random | 56.6 | 0.008# |
Urinary tract anomalies | 2 | 178 | 1.098 (0.274–4.405) | 0.895 | Random | 65.8 | 0.087 |
Kidney stone-related risk factors | |||||||
Family history of kidney stones | 6 | 1,692 | 1.089 (0.966–1.227) | 0.162 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.830 |
Personal history of kidney stones | 5 | 2,506 | 1.402 (1.239–1.587) | < 0.001§ | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.426 |
Diameter of largest kidney stone | 4 | 2,553 | 1.014 (0.999–1.029) | 0.059 | Fixed | 38.5 | 0.181 |
Multiple calculi | 4 | 1,760 | 1.338 (0.965–1.855) | 0.080 | Random | 80.3 | 0.002# |
Treatment method risk factors | |||||||
Stone prevention medications | 4 | 2,190 | 0.674 (0.421–1.079) | 0.100 | Random | 82.6 | 0.001# |
Potassium citrate | 3 | 1733 | 0.529 (0.221–1.255) | 0.148 | Random | 88.4 | < 0.001§ |
Surgery | 2 | 159 | 3.178 (1.597–6.322) | 0.001# | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.951 |
ESWl | 3 | 1,120 | 1.825 (0.386–8.615) | 0.448 | Random | 94.1 | < 0.001§ |
24-h urine and serum tests related risk factors | |||||||
Baseline urine volume | 6 | 1,789 | 0.934 (0.756–1.154) | 0.528 | Random | 64.0 | 0.016* |
Baseline urine calcium | 7 | 2,413 | 1.001 (1.000–1.002) | 0.224 | Fixed | 28.4 | 0.209 |
Baseline low urine citrate | 6 | 2,232 | 1.000 (1.000–1.000) | 1.000 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.826 |
Baseline urine oxalate | 6 | 2,232 | 0.999 (0.993–1.004) | 0.690 | Fixed | 32.7 | 0.190 |
Baseline urine sodium | 4 | 1,719 | 1.001 (0.999–1.002) | 0.325 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.563 |
Baseline urine uric acid | 6 | 2,232 | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | 0.992 | Fixed | 51.4 | 0.069 |
Baseline urine magnesium | 3 | 1,095 | 1.081 (0.777–1.503) | 0.645 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.780 |
Baseline urine phosphate | 2 | 422 | 0.978 (0.315–3.038) | 0.969 | Random | 89.4 | 0.002# |
Baselin urine osmolality | 2 | 855 | 1.257 (0.629–2.515) | 0.517 | Random | 83.3 | 0.014* |
Serum calcium | 2 | 348 | 1.033 (0.787–1.356) | 0.817 | Fixed | 0.0 | 0.790 |
GFR | 2 | 1,022 | 1.505 (0.656–3.453) | 0.335 | Random | 95.9 | < 0.001§ |