A scoping review on the impact of hydrophilic versus non-hydrophilic intermittent catheters on UTI, QoL, satisfaction, preference, and other outcomes in neurogenic and non-neurogenic patients suffering from urinary retention

Table 6 Clinical studies with available data for a comparison of urinary tract infection (UTI)

Author, year	No. of patients	HCIC	UC	UTI definition	Period (months)	UTI frequency	Significant difference	Risk ratio
Cardenas 2009 [52]	45	12/22	14/23	Symptomatic	12	1 or more	No	0.9
Cardenas 2011 [14]	188	69/91^a	85/97^a	Symptomatic	6	1 or more	No^b	0.87
De Ridder 2005 [24]	123	39/61	51/62	Symptomatic	12	1 or more	Yes	0.78
Sutherland 1996 [39]	30	1/16	1/14	Symptomatic	NA	1 or more	No	0.88
DeFoor 2017 [19]	55	2/22	7/33	Strict^c	12	1 or more	Yes	0.43
Samal 2011 [40]	53	28/36	15/17	Symptomatic	24	1 or more	Yes^d	0.88
Yoshida 2018 [10]	29	2/16	5/13	Symptomatic	6	1 or more	No	0,33
Cindolo 2004 [23]	100	3/50	7/50	Symptomatic	24	2 or more	Yes	0.43
Burki 2019 [11]	101	17/48	12/53	Symptomatic	12	2 or more	No	1.56
Samal 2011 [40]	53	5/36	7/17	Symptomatic	24	2 or more	Yes^d	0.33
Kiddoo 2015^e [20]	45	3,42	2,2	Symptomatic	5.5	Person weeks of UTI	Yes^f	1.55

HCIC Hydrophilic-coated intermittent catheterization, UC Uncoated catheter, UTI Urinary tract infection
^aEstimated from curves by Rognoni [5]
^bNot significant, but the time to first UTI was found to be significant
^cStrict definition of UTI includes:
i. Antibiotic treatment has been prescribed
ii. Bacteriuria ≥ 10² CFU/mL
iii. At least 1 of 7 UTI symptoms based on consensus guidelines [fever, autonomic dysreflexia (sweating, bradycardia, blood pressure elevation), increased spasticity, discomfort or pain over the kidney or bladder or during micturition, onset and/or increase in incontinence episodes, cloudy urine with increased odor, malaise, lethargy, or sense of unease]
iv. Dipstick test is positive for leukocyte esterase
^dAverage number of infections is significant
^eHCICs versus non-HCIC (both single use and reuse), measuring weeks with UTI
^fClaim a p-value of < 0.001; however, based on the overlapping confidence intervals in the original data, the significance of the difference is questionable

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