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  1. Severe hypercalcemia is often associated with uncontrolled malignancy through several mechanisms. However, calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia is a rare etiology for advanced solid tumors.

    Authors: Kai Johnson, Majd Issa, Anish Parikh, Paul Monk, Ming Yin, Amir Mortazavi and Yuanquan Yang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:51
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  4. to describe the methodology of transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy and the anatomy of the area of the verumontanum, and to determine the safety of this procedure, especially in terms of postoperative complicat...

    Authors: Wei-Kang Chen, Dong-Dong Yu, Zhi-Xia Chen, Peng-Fei Li, Jian Cai, Yu-Peng Liu and Zhi-Gang Wu
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Existing evidence suggests that there is an association between body size and prevalent Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)-related outcomes and nocturia. However, there is limited evidence on the association betw...

    Authors: Saira Khan, K. Y. Wolin, R. Pakpahan, R. L. Grubb, G. A. Colditz, L. Ragard, J. Mabie, B. N. Breyer, G. L. Andriole and S. Sutcliffe
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are considered to be highly resistant to chemolysis. While significant organic matter has been identified within these stones, which is presumed to bind (inorganic) CaOx particles...

    Authors: Adi Adelman, Yaniv Shilo, Jonathan Modai, Dan Leibovici, Ishai Dror and Brian Berkowitz
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:46
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The advantages of photodynamic diagnostic technology using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA-PDD) have been established. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to evaluate the usefulness of ALA-PDD to diagnose ...

    Authors: Koichiro Wada, Motoo Araki, Ryuta Tanimoto, Takuya Sadahira, Shogo Watari, Yuki Maruyama, Yosuke Mitsui, Hirochika Nakajima, Herik Acosta, Satoshi Katayama, Takehiro Iwata, Shingo Nishimura, Atsushi Takamoto, Tomoko Sako, Kohei Edamura, Yasuyuki Kobayashi…
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of a high dose cranberry proanthocyanidin extract for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection.

    Authors: Asma Babar, Lynne Moore, Vicky Leblanc, Stéphanie Dudonné, Yves Desjardins, Simone Lemieux, Valérie Bochard, Denis Guyonnet and Sylvie Dodin
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Inflammatory response biomarkers have been studied as promising prognostic factors in renal cell carcinoma, but few studies have focused on papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). This study was performed to ev...

    Authors: Zhilei Zhang, Yongbo Yu, Jilu Zheng, Mingxin Zhang and Haitao Niu
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:43
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Studies have shown that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have limited efficacy and can even increase tumour burden in short time periods. This is usually called hyperprogressive disease (HPD). To date, ther...

    Authors: Chao Liu, Jingjing Piao and Zhiyang Shang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:42
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  11. Overactive bladder is a heterogenous condition with poorly characterized clinical phenotypes. To discover potential patient subtypes in patients with overactive bladder (OAB), we used consensus clustering of t...

    Authors: James Gross, Joel M. Vetter and H. Henry Lai
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:41
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play multiple roles in human cancers through regulating mRNAs and distinct pathways. This paper focused on the functions of miR-4429 in prostate cancer (PCa) ...

    Authors: Jinguo Wang, Sheng Xie, Jun Liu, Tao Li, Wanrong Wang and Ziping Xie
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:40
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Contemporary studies have discredited the methods used to exclude urinary tract infection (UTI) when treating overactive bladder (OAB). Thus we must revisit the OAB phenotype to check that UTI has not been ove...

    Authors: Kiren Gill, Harry Horsley, Sheela Swamy, Rajvinder Khasriya and James Malone-Lee
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:39
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed types of cancers worldwide. In its initial period, the tumor is hormone-sensitive, but in advanced states, it evolves into a metastatic castration-resist...

    Authors: Martha E. Cancino-Marentes, Georgina Hernández-Flores, Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno, María Martha Villaseñor-García, Eduardo Orozco-Alonso, Erick Sierra-Díaz, Raúl Antonio Solís-Martínez, Claudia Carolina Cruz-Gálvez and Alejandro Bravo-Cuellar
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:38
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has become an effective therapy for patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) who do not respond to conservative treatment. However, an effective treatment strategy for ...

    Authors: Shan Chen, Siyou Wang, Yunqiu Gao, Xiaolian Lu, Jiasheng Yan, Lihua Xuan and Shenhong Wang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:37
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  16. WW Domain Containing Oxidoreductase (WWOX) belongs to the unusual tumor suppressors, whose molecular function is not fully understood in bladder cancer, especially regarding interaction with Activator Protein 2 (...

    Authors: Żaneta Kałuzińska, Damian Kołat, Katarzyna Kośla, Magdalena Orzechowska, Andrzej K. Bednarek and Elżbieta Płuciennik
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:36
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Infection is the most feared complication of a penile prosthesis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is widely known to increase the risk of several infections, but its role in the penile prosthesis is still controversial...

    Authors: Lucas Mira Gon, Caio César Citatini de Campos, Brunno Raphael Iamashita Voris, Luís Augusto Passeri, Adriano Fregonesi and Cássio Luís Zanettini Riccetto
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:35
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Circumcisions are among the most frequent operations in children. Health service data on circumcision in the United States has documented an increase in neonatal circumcisions since 2012. We investigated wheth...

    Authors: Christina Oetzmann von Sochaczewski, Jan Gödeke and Oliver J. Muensterer
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:34
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. The R.I.R.S. scoring system is defined as a novel and straightforward scoring system that uses the main parameters (kidney stone density, inferior pole stones, stone burden, and renal infundibular length) to i...

    Authors: Cong Wang, ShouTong Wang, Xuemei Wang and Jun Lu
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:33
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  20. Double J ureteral stents are widely used on urological patients to provide drainage of the upper urinary tract. Unfourtunately, ureteral stents are not free from complications, as bacterial colonization and re...

    Authors: Federico Soria, Julia E. de La Cruz, Juan Pablo Caballero-Romeu, Manuel Pamplona, Daniel Pérez-Fentes, Luis Resel-Folskerma and Francisco M. Sanchez-Margallo
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:32
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of preoperative blood parameters in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and tumour thrombus (TT) patients that were surgically treated.

    Authors: Ruotao Xiao, Chuxiao Xu, Wei He, Lei Liu, Hongxian Zhang, Cheng Liu and Lulin Ma
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:31
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  22. The present study was performed to investigate the analgesic efficacy of intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine (ITMB) in terms of treating early postoperative pain in adult patients who underwent robotic-assist...

    Authors: Jung-Woo Shim, Yun Jeong Cho, Hyong Woo Moon, Jaesik Park, Hyung Mook Lee, Yong-Suk Kim, Young Eun Moon, Sang Hyun Hong and Min Suk Chae
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:30
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. To compare clinical intra and early postoperative outcomes between conventional Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) and Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate using the Virtual Basket tool (VB...

    Authors: Giorgio Bozzini, Matteo Maltagliati, Umberto Besana, Lorenzo Berti, Albert Calori, Maria Chiara Sighinolfi, Salvatore Micali, Jean Baptiste Roche, Ali Gozen, Alexander Mueller, Dimitry Pushkar, Evangelos Liatsikos, Marco Boldini, Carlo Buizza and Bernardo Rocco
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:28
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. The urinary stone and urinary tract infection (UTI) are invariably associated and are frequent causes of morbidity. Date on burden of UTI among urinary stone patients is lacking in Ethiopia. This study was aim...

    Authors: Desie Kasew, Setegn Eshetie, Abeje Diress, Zerubabiel Tegegne and Feleke Moges
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. A history of prior cancer commonly results in exclusion from cancer clinical trials. However, whether a prior cancer history has an adversely impact on clinical outcomes for patients with advanced prostate can...

    Authors: Yechen Wu, Xi Chen, Duocheng Qian, Wei Wang, Yiping Zhang, Jinxin Hu, Jun Zhu, Qiang Wu and Tinghu Cao
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the new flow cytometer UF-5000 with the UF-1000i and Gram staining for determining bacterial patterns in urine samples.

    Authors: Stephen Shei-Dei Yang, Chun-Chun Yang, Yi-Sheng Chen and Shang-Jen Chang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is an HIV prevention strategy recommended to partially protect men from heterosexually acquired HIV. From 2015 to 2019, the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief...

    Authors: Todd Lucas, Jonas Z. Hines, Julia Samuelson, Timothy Hargreave, Stephanie M. Davis, Ian Fellows, Amber Prainito, D. Heather Watts, Valerian Kiggundu, Anne G. Thomas, Onkemetse Conrad Ntsuape, Kunle Dare, Elijah Odoyo-June, Leonard Soo, Likabelo Toti-Mokoteli, Robert Manda…
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Ureteral fibro-epithelial polyp (UFP) is a rare benign ureteral tumor, and surgical removal of the polyps is still the preferred solution. Although many cases have reported polyps extending to the bladder, our...

    Authors: Zhi-Wei Sun, Jian-Kang Ge, You Wu and Ye-Qing Huang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:22
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  31. To compare the functional and oncological outcomes between innovative “three-port” and traditional “four-port” laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa).

    Authors: Ben Xu, Si-da Cheng, Yi-ji Peng and Qian Zhang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. In May 2012 the US Preventive Task Force issued a ‘D’ recommendation against routine PSA-based early detection of prostate cancer. This recommendation was implemented progressively in our health system. The ai...

    Authors: Tarek Ajami, Jaime Durruty, Claudia Mercader, Leonardo Rodriguez, Maria J. Ribal, Antonio Alcaraz and Antoni Vilaseca
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Chun Feng, Ping-Ping Lv, Chang-Chang Huang, Song-Qing Yang, Qiu-Ping Yao, Jin-Ming Shen and Min Jin
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:19
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Urology 2020 20:188

  34. Active surveillance (AS) is a management option for men diagnosed with lower risk prostate cancer. There is wide variation in all aspects of AS internationally, from patient selection to investigations and fol...

    Authors: Samuel W. D. Merriel, Daniel Moon, Phil Dundee, Niall Corcoran, Peter Carroll, Alan Partin, Joseph A. Smith, Freddie Hamdy, Caroline Moore, Piet Ost and Tony Costello
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:18
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Several approaches for urethral catheterization after the failure of initial urethral catheterization have been introduced. However, standard procedures regarding what should be done after failed conventional ...

    Authors: Si Hyun Kim, Hee Jo Yang, Doo Sang Kim, Chang Ho Lee, Youn Soo Jeon and Ki Hong Kim
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:17
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Splenogondal fusion (SGF) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by abnormal association between the splenic tissue and the gonads or mesonephric remnants. SGF that requires separate two-stage laparoscopic...

    Authors: Guangjie Chen, Xiaohao Wang, Yijun Zhao, Linfeng Zhu and Daxing Tang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:16
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  37. Phimosis is the inability to retract the preputium downward over the glans penis. Despite the various techniques of preputial plasty described in literature, the most performed surgical treatment is still the ...

    Authors: Pagano Carmine, Faenza Mario, Guastafierro Antonio, Manfellotto Vincenzo, Grella Elisa, Cosenza Angelo, Pieretti Gorizio and Izzo Sara
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Previous findings indicate that pre-emptive pregabalin as part of multimodal anesthesia reduces opioid requirements compared to conventional anesthesia in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic prosta...

    Authors: K. Sisa, S. Huoponen, O. Ettala, H. Antila, T. I. Saari and P. Uusalo
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Verrucous carcinoma, a rare low-grade well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, is known for its favorable biological behavior and lack of metastatic potential. However, aggressive resection is problematic ...

    Authors: Dong In Jo, Song Hyun Han, Soon Heum Kim, Hye Young Kim, Hong Chung and Hong Sup Kim
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:13
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  40. Radical prostatectomy is the gold standard treatment for men with localized prostate cancer. This technique is associated with post-operative urinary incontinence. Pelvic floor physiotherapy is a conservative,...

    Authors: R. Pané-Alemany, I. Ramírez-García, A. Carralero-Martínez, L. Blanco-Ratto, S. Kauffmann and E. Sánchez
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:12
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  41. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy is the conventional method of diagnosing prostate cancer. TRUS-guided prostate biopsy can occasionally be associated with severe complications. Here, w...

    Authors: Shunichiro Nomura, Yuka Toyama, Jun Akatsuka, Yuki Endo, Ryoji Kimata, Yasutomo Suzuki, Tsutomu Hamasaki, Go Kimura and Yukihiro Kondo
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:11
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  42. A history of preoperative obstructive pyelonephritis has been reported as a risk factor for febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) after ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL). But there is no clear evidence of risk...

    Authors: Yoshitaka Itami, Makito Miyake, Takuya Owari, Takashi Iwamoto, Daisuke Gotoh, Hitoshi Momose, Kiyohide Fujimoto and Shuya Hirao
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. A link between sexual dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has been noticed. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) remains the standard treatment for ...

    Authors: Li K. Chen, Yu W. Lai, Li P. Chiu and Saint Shiou-Sheng Chen
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Although it is known that malignancies can be associated with dermatomyositis, there are few reports on dermatomyositis associated with prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation.

    Authors: Hideyuki Minagawa, Taketo Kawai, Akihiko Matsumoto, Katsuhiro Makino, Yusuke Sato, Kenji Nagasaka, Masami Tokura, Nao Tanaka, Eisaku Ito, Yuta Yamada, Masaki Nakamura, Daisuke Yamada, Motofumi Suzuki, Takashi Murata and Haruki Kume
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:8
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  46. Although several distribution patterns of periprostatic neurovascular bundles have been proposed, variant dissection technique based on these patterns still confused surgeons. The aim of this study was to desc...

    Authors: Xuemei Li, Jianhui Wu, Qiliang Cai, Janming Pan, Qingguo Meng, Ping Zhang, Yong Xu and Lidong Zhai
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. Bladder tumors in pregnancy are extremely rare. No more than 50 cases have been published to date, including all histologic variants, and only three cases of bladder squamous cell carcinoma have been described.

    Authors: Pablo A. Rojas, Cristián González, Gonzalo P. Mendez, Alejandro Majerson and Ignacio F. San Francisco
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:4
    Content type: Case report Published on:

  48. To explore the rate of Gleason sum upgrading (GSU) from biopsy to radical prostatectomy pathology and to develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of GSU in a Chinese cohort.

    Authors: Xiaochuan Wang, Yu Zhang, Fengbo Zhang, Zhengguo Ji, Peiqian Yang and Ye Tian
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. To compare robot-assisted simple enucleation with renal arterial cold perfusion (RACP-RASE) and RASE alone in complex renal tumors with regard to perioperative, functional and oncologic outcomes by propensity ...

    Authors: Qun Lu, Xiaozhi Zhao, Changwei Ji, Suhan Guo, Xuefeng Qiu, Guangxiang Liu, Shiwei Zhang, Xiaogong Li, Gutian Zhang, Xuebin Zhang and Hongqian Guo
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  50. Osteochondroma is the most common benign bone neoplasm and is sometimes referred to as osteocartilaginous exostosis. The symptoms caused by osteochondroma are rare, especially the urogenital complications. The...

    Authors: Li-cheng Song, Qian Xu, Hui Li, Zhi-jun Li, Ya Li, Ya-fei Qin, Bao-long Wang and Hua-feng Zhang
    Citation: BMC Urology 2021 21:1
    Content type: Case report Published on:
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