Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the all the patients with and without sepsis

Continuous variables

 Age (years), mean ± SD

52.4 ± 12.6

50.8 ± 12.9

0.411

 BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD

24.2 ± 3.5

23.5 ± 3.4

0.194

 Blood WBC (× 10⁹/L), mean ± SD

6.4 ± 1.8

6.0 ± 1.4

0.145

 Creatinine (μmoI/L), mean ± SD

89.6 ± 43.8

107.5 ± 61.5

0.010

 Procalcitonin (μg/L), mean ± SD

0.05 ± 0.08

0.04 ± 0.03

0.405

 Bilirubin (μmoI/L), mean ± SD

10.9 ± 4.7

10.7 ± 4.3

0.781

 Urinary WBC (/HP), mean ± SD

117.9 ± 436.6

260.8 ± 935.7

0.056

 Days of preoperative antibiotic use

(days), mean ± SD

3.5 ± 2.3

4.6 ± 2.6

0.002

 Cumulative stone diameters (mm), mean ± SD

55.6 ± 33.0

67.8 ± 34.1

0.017

 Operation time (min), mean ± SD

105.0 ± 44.4

107.4 ± 39.6

0.724

Classification variables

 Sex

0.001

   Male

388 (59.8%)

16 (35.6%)

   Female

261 (40.2%)

29 (64.4%)

 Renal anatomical malformation

0.071

   Positive

44 (6.8%)

0 (0%)

   Negative

605 (93.2%)

45 (100.0%)

 Urinary nitrite

<  0.001

   Positive

65 (10.0%)

15 (33.3%)

   Negative

584 (90.0%)

30 (66.7%)

 Hypertension

0.947

   Positive

176 (27.1%)

12 (26.7%)

   Negative

473 (72.9%)

33 (73.3%)

 Diabetes mellitus

0.525

   Positive

67 (10.3%)

6 (13.3%)

   Negative

582 (89.7%)

39 (86.7%)

 Isolated kidney

0.043

   Positive

13 (2.0%)

3 (6.7%)

   Negative

636 (98.0%)

42 (93.3%)

 History of ipsilateral urologic surgery

0.003

   Positive

286 (44.1%)

30 (66.7%)

   Negative

363 (55.9%)

15 (33.3%)

 Preoperative drainage

0.064

   Positive

104 (16.0%)

12 (26.7%)

   Negative

545 (84.0%)

33 (73.3%)

 Midstream urine bacterial culture

<  0.001

   Positive

142 (21.9%)

27 (60.0%)

   Negative

507 (78.1%)

18 (40.0%)

 Staghorn stones

0.011

   Positive

106 (16.3%)

14 (31.1%)

   Negative

543 (83.7%)

31 (68.9%)

 Surgical access

0.077

   1

554 (85.4%)

34 (75.6%)

   ≥2

95 (14.6%)

11 (24.4%)

 Renal pyogenesis

<  0.001

   Positive

133 (20.5%)

20 (44.4%)

   Negative

516 (79.5%)

25 (55.6%)