Table 2 Initial causes for the placement of forgotten ureteral stents

Adjunct to stone treatments

79.2 (936)

 Endourological procedures

34.4 (407)

 Pyelolithotomy and ureterolithotomy

11.1 (131)

 Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

8.1 (96)

 Relieve obstruction for emergency

2.8 (33)

 Unknown stone treatment (Not reported)

22.8 (269)

Adjunct to other surgeries

12.0 (142)

 Pyeloplasty

4.6 (54)

 Ureter reimplantation

1.9 (22)

 Renal transplantation

1.7 (20)

 Urinary diversion (ileal conduit)

0.6 (7)

 Unknown urological surgeries (Not reported)

1.9 (22)

 Nonurological surgeries (for identification of ureters)

1.4 (17)

To relieve obstruction for long-term stenting

6.3 (75)

 Benign diseases

2.9 (34)

 Malignant diseases

2.3 (27)

 Pregnancy

1.2 (14)

To promote recovery for injuries

0.8 (10)

 Abdominal trauma

0.6 (7)

 Radiation and iatrogenic injury

0.3 (3)

Not reported

0.5 (6)