Table 3 Patients’ postoperative clinical and demographic details

Operation time (minute)

126.44 ± 32.51^abc

189.41 ± 25.62^ab

153.75 ± 26.13^a

138.85 ± 26.13

Bleeding amount (ml)

52.31 ± 5.81^abc

89.84 ± 15.61^ab

23.45 ± 13.33

25.12 ± 12.87

Complication rate

3/25(12.00%)^abc

4/21(19.05%)^ab

3/33(9.09%)^a

2/31(6.45%)

(1) Perirenal infection and extravasation

3

4

2

1

(2) Acute renal injury

1

3

1

1

Post-surgical pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS)

6.61 ± 2.19^abc

4.93 ± 1.85^ab

2.92 ± 1.93

3.01 ± 1.63^ef

Length of stay (LOS, day)

14.09 ± 3.67^abc

16.13 ± 4.23^ab

11.89 ± 3.91

10.99 ± 4.67

Hospitalization cost (dollar)

2669.84 ± 342.89^abc

3811.20 ± 433.82^ab

3289.56 ± 564.23^a

4156.14 ± 459.58

Follow-up duration (month)

29.19 ± 8.21^def

32.03 ± 10.19^de

28.68 ± 11.13^d

31.31 ± 6.67