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Figure 1 | BMC Urology

Figure 1

From: Single minimum incision endoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal tumors with preoperative virtual navigation using 3D-CT volume-rendering

Figure 1

A right renal tumor and two renal veins. Oblique view from the ventral to dorsal direction in the arterial phase. The CT scans are arranged from dorsal (A) to ventral (F). A: The right renal artery (RRA) is seen to the right of the inferior vena cava (IVC). B: The upper right renal vein (RRV) can be seen. C: The anterior branches of the RRA and RRV cross each other. D: The lower RRV drains into the IVC closer to the heart than the upper RRV, indicating that these both veins cross over each other. E, F: The tumor is located in the upper pole of the kidney.

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BMC Urology

ISSN: 1471-2490

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