Fig. 1

a, b, c: Preoperative non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography images for a patient with a localized renal mass located at the upper pole of the left kidney. The green area shows the region of interest corresponding to the perinephric fat defined as the fatty area within the anatomical structures, including the lateroconal fascia, fusion fascia, psoas muscle, lumbar quadrate muscle and diaphragm. a, Axial section. b, Coronal section. c, Sagittal section. d, e, f: The three-dimensional (3D) images for the perinephric fat reconstructed from the digital imaging and communications in medicine data according to the region of interest. The volume of this 3D structure was then calculated quantitatively. d, Anterior 3D view. The shape of the kidney and its upper tumor are stereoscopically excluded from the 3D structure. e, Inside 3D view. The lumens of renal hilar vessels are empty. f, Overlaid anterior 3D view showing the perinephric fat and other anatomical structures, including the kidney, artery, vein, ureter and tumor