Fig. 4

Surgical procedures of laparoscopic transvaginal NOSES. The laparoscopic field of view was transferred to the pelvis, the posterior vaginal fornix was exposed (A), 12 mm Trocar was placed in the vagina which had been fully sterilized by gauze strips, and the posterior vaginal fornix was closely attached to the posterior vaginal fornix. The posterior vaginal fornix was transversely cut (B) with an electrocoagulation knife to both sides, so that the incision was about 2–3 cm long. The specimen band (C) was placed in the transvaginal Trocar, and the excised kidney and part of the ureter were placed into the specimen. Take out the band, hang the vagina with 2-0 barbed thread, and suture the vaginal incision and the posterior fornix exactly (D), and suture the lateral peritoneum with 2-0 barbed thread