Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Wang, Kai; Ge, Jing; Han, Wenlong; Wang, Dong; Zhao, Yinjuan; Shen, Yanhao; Chen, Jiexun; Chen, Dongming; Wu, Jing; Shen, Ning; Zhu, Shuai; Xue, Bin; Xu, Xianlin

doi:10.1186/s12894-022-01017-4

BMC Urology

Table 1 Main characteristics of all studies included in this analysis

From: Risk factors for kidney stone disease recurrence: a comprehensive meta-analysis

Study	Nation	Research type	Time data collected	Sampling frame	Follow-up time	Stone types	Race	Age	Sample size	Man (%)	Recurrence rate (%)	Ratio
Song et al. [16]	USA	Retrospective	2007–2013	SC	Median 64 m	NA	Mixed	Mean 57.6	14,854	93.81	57.60	HR
Ito et al. [17]	Japan	Retrospective	2012–2019	SC	Median 31 m	Mixed	Asian	Mean 60.0	664	63.00	20.33	HR
Iremashvili et al. [18]	USA	Retrospective	2009–2017	SC	Mean 4.3 y	NA	Mixed	Mean 54.9	1,970	51.62	20.96	HR
Samson et al. [19]	USA	Retrospective	2007–2017	SC	3 y	NA	Mixed	Mean 46.0	434,055	57.69	14.50	OR
Prasanchaimontri and Monga [20]	USA	Retrospective	2002–2012	SC	Median 10 y	Mixed	Mixed	NA	1,617	62.71	23.07	OR
Nevo et al. [21]	Israel	Retrospective	2010–2015	SC	Median 38 m	Mixed	Caucasian	Median 53	457	69.20	24.29	HR
Islam et al. [22]	USA	Retrospective	2008–2018	SC	10 y	NA	Mixed	Mean 57.6	69	44.93	23.19	OR
Ingvarsdottir et al. [23]	Iceland	Retrospective	1985–2013	SC	Median 12 y	Mixed	Caucasian	Median 15	190	41.05	35.79	HR
Castiglione et al. [24]	USA	Prospective	2009	SC	5 y	NA	Mixed	Mean 48.2	375	54.80	21.07	OR
Vaughan et al. [25]	USA	Retrospective	1984–2012	SC	NA	NA	Mixed	Mean 43.9	3,364	60.79	26.22	HR
Kang et al. [26]	Korea	Retrospective	1994–2017	SC	15 years	NA	Asian	Mean 49.1	680	60.15	41.18	HR
Iremashvili et al. [27]	USA	Retrospective	2009–2016	SC	Median 4.8 y	NA	Mixed	Mean 53.6	498	52.21	17.67	HR
Iremashvili et al. [28]	USA	Retrospective	2009–2017	SC	Mean 4.1 y	NA	Mixed	Mean 54.8	1,496	52.07	24.53	HR
Ruysscher et al. [29]	Belgium	Retrospective	1998–2016	SC	NA	NA	Caucasian	Median 3.9	97	73.20	34.02	OR
Costa et al. [30]	USA	Prospective	2009–2013	SC	5 y	Mixed	Mixed	Mean 49.6	175	53.14	66.86	OR
Yamashita et al. [31]	Japan	Retrospective	2011–2015	SC	NA	NA	Asian	Median 59	300	69.33	49.33	OR
Wang et al. [32]	China	Retrospective	2015	SC	NA	COS	Asian	mean 50.6	72	75.00	50.00	OR
Ozgor et al. [33]	Turkey	Retrospective	2011–2013	SC	Mean 33.3 m	Mixed	Caucasian	Mean 47.33	202	53.11	22.28	OR
Ferraro et al. [34]	Italy	Prospective	1993–1994	SC	5 y	COS	Caucasian	Mean 45.3	103	NA	33.98	HR
Tasian et al. [6]	USA	Retrospective	2008–2014	SC	3 y	Mixed	Caucasian	Median 14.8	285	45.61	23.86	HR
Kang et al. [35]	Korea	Retrospective	1994–2015	SC	NA	Mixed	Asian	Mean 44.9	624	63.58	37.66	HR
Shih et al. [36]	China	Retrospective	2000–2002	SC	Mean 8.9 y	NA	Asian	Mean 27.48	1,474	0.00	16.62	HR
Guerra et al. [37]	Italian	Retrospective	1986–2013	SC	NA	CS	Caucasian	NA	2,080	61.01	6.11	OR
El-Assmy et al. [38]	Egypt	Retrospective	1998–2011	SC	10 y	Mixed	Caucasian	Mean 41.3	784	73.09	25.26	HR
Bos et al. [39]	Canada	Prospective	2009–2010	SC	5 y	NA	Caucasian	Mean 54.5	110	63.64	25.45	HR
Liu et al. [40]	China	Retrospective	1999–2010	SC	NA	NA	Asian	Mean 52.8	1,259	85.94	13.26	HR
Rule et al. [41]	USA	Retrospective	1984–2003	SC	NA	Mixed	Mixed	Mean 41.7	2,239	62.48	31.58	HR
Kang et al. [42]	Korea	Retrospective	1994–2010	SC	Median 35 m	Mixed	Asian	NA	240	NA	23.33	HR
Kang et al. [43]	Korea	Retrospective	2007–2011	SC	NA	Mixed	Asian	Mean 60.4	342	48.25	16.96	HR
Kruck et al. [44]	Germany	Retrospective	2001–2007	SC	NA	Mixed	Caucasian	Mean 51.5	482	66.00	NA	OR
Kohjimoto et al. [45]	Japan	Retrospective	2005	MC	7 y	Mixed	Asian	Mean 52.5	11,555	73.86	57.14	OR
Sorensen et al. [46]	USA	Retrospective	2001–2010	SC	NA	NA	Caucasian	Mean 55	40	32.50	22.50	OR
Pieras et al. [47]	Spain	Retrospective	2003–2007	SC	Mean 60 m	Mixed	Caucasian	Mean 44	248	69.76	48.79	HR
Ha et al. [48]	Korea	Retrospective	1994–2008	SC	NA	CS	Asian	NA	247	NA	39.68	HR
DeFoor et al. [49]	USA	Retrospective	1999–2006	SC	NA	Mixed	Mixed	Mean 12.7	139	52.52	36.69	OR
Kim et al. [50]	Korea	Retrospective	1994–2007	SC	Median 49 m	CS	Asian	mean 44.3	266	65.20	41.73	HR
Lee et al. [51]	Korea	Retrospective	1996–2006	SC	Median 54 m	Mixed	Asian	Mean 42.9	163	66.76	36.20	HR
Krambeck et al. [52]	USA	Retrospective	1983–1984	SC	> 5 y	Mixed	Mixed	NA	375	64.80	49.60	OR
Unal et al. [53]	Turkey	Retrospective	NA	SC	NA	NA	Caucasian	Mean 35	173	50.87	28.32	HR
Daudon et al. [54]	France	Retrospective	1984–2000	SC	3 y	COS	Caucasian	Mean 30.4	181	70.17	39.78	HR
Abe et al. [55]	Japan	Retrospective	1987–2000	SC	5 y	Mixed	Asian	Mean 45.7	11,39	72.10	28.62	OR
Parks et al. [56]	USA	Prospective	1970–2003	SC	30 y	ICN	Mixed	Mean 33.0	1,201	70.86	NA	HR
Mardis et al. [57]	USA	Prospective	1995–1996	SC	7 y	Mixed	Mixed	NA	203	70.44	29.06	HR
Afshar et al. [58]	Canada	Retrospective	1990–2002	SC	Mean 46 m	Mixed	Caucasian	Mean 7	83	46.99	31.33	OR
Siener et al. [59]	Germany	Prospective	NA	SC	2 y	COS	Caucasian	Mean 51.7	134	67.16	42.54	OR
Chen et al. [60]	USA	Retrospective	1973–1996	SC	5 y	NA	Mixed	Mean 37	62	87.10	30.65	RR
Borghi et al. [61]	Italy	Prospective	1993–1994	SC	5 y	COS	Caucasian	Mean 45.1	120	100.00	43.33	RR
Jendle-Bengten et al. [62]	Sweden	Retrospective	NA	SC	Mean 5.6 y	COS	Caucasian	Mean 50	52	73.08	51.92	HR
Trinchieri et al. [63]	Italy	Prospective	1980–1990	SC	Mean 19.3 y	Mixed	Caucasian	Mean 44.3	195	50.26	26.67	HR
Ettinger et al. [64]	USA	Prospective	NA	SC	3 y	COS	Mixed	Mean 48.0	64	78.13	39.06	RR
Hiatt et al. [65]	USA	Prospective	1984–1985	MC	4.5 y	COS	Mixed	Mean 43.0	99	78.79	14.14	HR
Gambaro et al. [66]	Italy	Prospective	1984–1986	SC	9 y	NA	Caucasian	Median 34	190	65.79	57.89	OR
Streem [67]	USA	Prospective	1983	SC	Mean 41.7 m	MAPS	Mixed	Mean 53.2	44	20.45	27.27	OR

SC, single center; MC, multi-center; NA, not available; OR, odds risk; RR, relative risk; HR, hazard risk; CS, calcium stone; COS, calcium oxalate stone; MAPS, magnesium-ammonium calcium phosphate stone; y, year; m, month

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