Properties that lead to stone formation |
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Low urine volume (leads to increased concentration of available solutes) |
Excess excretion of solutes (calcium, oxalate, uric acid) |
Lack of crystal forming inhibitors (citrate, magnesium) |
Urine pH changes (Alkaline leads to calcium phosphate supersaturation, Acidic leads to calcium oxalate and uric acid supersaturation) |