Table 1 Characteristics of the patients

Age (years)

55.7 ± 12.2

55.4±13.7

52.7±13.5

0.083

Sex, n (%)

0.521

 Male

357 (74.4)

74 (79.6)

111 (73.5)

 Female

123 (25.6)

19 (20.4)

40 (26.5)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.9±3.3

24.0±3.0

24.2±3.8

0.491

Diabetes

69 (14.4)

11 (11.8)

24 (15.9)

0.680

Other chronic diseases^*, n (%)

66 (13.8)

10 (10.8)

18 (11.9)

0.668

Preoperative infection history, n (%)

150 (31.3)

22 (23.7)

48 (31.8)

0.276

Positive preoperative urine culture, n (%)

66 (14.2)

11 (11.8)

23 (15.2)

0.755

History of operation on affected side stones, n (%)

141 (29.4)

33 (35.5)

67 (44.4)^a

0.003

Staghorn calculi, n (%)

126 (26.3)

3 (3.2)^a

7 (4.6)^a

< 0.001

Stone long diameter (cm)

2.5±1.3

1.2±0.5^a

1.6±0.7^ab

< 0.001

Stone location, n (%)

< 0.001

 Involving the ureter

159 (33.1)

82 (88.2)

77 (51.0)

 Limited to the kidney

321 (66.9)

11 (11.8)

74 (49.0)

Bilateral stones, n (%)

206 (42.9)

42 (45.2)

66 (43.7)

0.898

Degree of hydronephrosis, n (%)

0.062

 Severe

140 (29.2)

29 (31.2)

31 (20.5)

 Non-severe

340 (70.8)

64 (68.8)

120 (79.5)

Anatomical abnormality, n (%)

0.051

 Abnormal

68 (14.2)

24 (25.8)

26 (17.2)

 Normal

412 (85.8)

69 (74.2)

125 (82.8)

Solitary kidney, n (%)

1 (0.2)

3 (3.2)

6 (4.0)

0.001

Simultaneous bilateral surgery, n (%)

17 (3.5)

4 (4.3)

6 (4.0)

0.925

Operation time (min)

66±30

40±26

59±29

0.002

Percutaneous nephroscope channel

20.4±3.5

0

0

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SIRS

118 (24.6)

8 (8.6)^a

27 (17.9)

0.001