Table 1 Demographic information and surgical outcomes of 1062 consecutive patients who underwent open, laparoscopic or robot-assisted PN from 4 urology centers
Variables | Training cohort | Validation cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All patients (n = 1062) | Non-AKI (n = 834) | AKI (n = 228) | AKD(n = 42) | p value | n = 186 | |
Patient-related factors | ||||||
Age (years old) | 53.9 ± 14.5 | 53.9 ± 15.2 | 54.2 ± 11.7 | 57.7 ± 13.5 | 0.8 | 55.4 ± 13.9 |
Male (%) | 667(62.8) | 529 (63.4) | 168(73.7) | 29(69.0) | 0.003* | 105(56.5) |
Body mass index | 25.9 ± 3.1 | 25.8 ± 3.1 | 26.2 ± 3.3 | 26.4 ± 4.2 | 0.09 | 26.0 ± 3.2 |
Right lesion (%) | 285(44.7) | 245(44.6) | 40(45.5) | 23(54.7) | < 0.001* | 84(45.2) |
Baseline eGFR(ml/min1.73 m^2) | 116.7 ± 32.2 | 115.6 ± 32.5 | 120.8 ± 30.9 | 131.2 ± 42.8 | 0.031* | 120 ± 30.1 |
Diabetes | 199(18.7) | 153(18.3) | 46(20.2) | 11(26.1) | 0.6 | 37(19.9) |
Hypertension | 297(28.0) | 227(27.2) | 69(30.2) | 15(35.7) | 0.4 | 60(32.3) |
ASA classification | ||||||
1–2 (%) | 739(69.6) | 578(69.3) | 161(70.6) | 27(64.3) | 0.7 | 140(75.3) |
3–4 (%) | 323(30.4) | 256(30.7) | 67(29.4) | 15(35.7) | 46(24.7) | |
Tumor-related information | ||||||
Tumor diameter (cm) | 3.9 ± 1.5 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.8 | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 0.07 | 3.7 ± 1.6 |
RNS | 6.0(IQR5-7) | 5.8(IQR5-7) | 6.1(IQR5-7) | 6.8(IQR6-8) | < 0.001* | 6.0(IQR5-7) |
4–5 | 290(27.3) | 253(30.3) | 37(16.2) | 5(11.9) | 59(31.7) | |
6–8 | 741(69.7) | 571(68.4) | 170(74.6) | 28(66.7) | 121(65.1) | |
≥ 9 | 31(2.9) | 10(1.2) | 21(9.2) | 9(21.4) | 6(3.2) | |
Pathological information | ||||||
Malignancy (%) | 934(87.9) | 725(86.9) | 209(91.7) | 38(90.4) | 0.001* | 171(91.9) |
Benign (%) | 128(12.1) | 109(12.0) | 19(8.3) | 4(9.6) | 15(8.1) | |
T stage | ||||||
T1a | 624(58.8) | 502(60.2) | 122(53.5) | 24(57.1) | 0.037* | 105(56.4) |
T1b | 284(26.7) | 222(26.6) | 62(27.2) | 12(28.6) | 65(35.0) | |
T2a | 70(6.6) | 46(5.5) | 24(10.5) | 6(14.3) | 16(8.6) | |
Unknown | 84(7.9) | 64(7.6) | 20(8.7) | 0 | 0 | |
Surgical type | ||||||
Open (%) | 289(27.2) | 217(26.0) | 72(31.5) | 15(35.7) | 0.1 | 42(22.6) |
Laparoscopic (%) | 595(56.0) | 469(56.2) | 126(55.2) | 21(50.0) | 109(58.6) | |
Robot-assisted (%) | 178(16.8) | 148(17.8) | 30(13.1) | 6(14.3) | 35(18.8) | |
Surgery-related outcomes | ||||||
Warm ischemia time ≥ 30 min (%) | 115(10.8) | 81(9.7) | 34(14.9) | 11(26.2) | 0.030* | 18(9.7) |
Surgery time (min) | 131 ± 46 | 130 ± 50 | 138 ± 25 | 146 ± 40 | 0.020* | 135 ± 43 |
Length of hospital stay (day) | 6.0 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 6.5 ± 2.3 | 6.7 ± 2.5 | < 0.001* | 6.1 ± 1.9 |
Transfusion (%) | 42(3.9) | 31(3.7) | 11(4.8) | 3(7.1) | 0.4 | 4(2.2) |
Intraoperative blood loss (ml)* | 147 ± 75 | 140 ± 70 | 160 ± 92 | 210 ± 103 | < 0.001* | 135 ± 52 |
Postoperative complications | 146(14.0) | 101(12.1) | 45(19.7) | 11(26.2) | 0.005* | 21(11.3) |
Clavien I (%) | 49(4.7) | 40(4.7) | 9(3.9) | 1(2.3) | 5(2.7) | |
Clavien II (%) | 61(5.8) | 40(4.7) | 21(9.2) | 4(9.5) | 14(7.5) | |
Clavien III (%) | 34(3.2) | 26(3.1) | 8(3.5) | 2(4.8) | 3(1.6) | |
Clavien IV (%) | 12(1.2) | 5(0.6) | 7(3.1) | 4(9.5) | 1(0.5) | |
AKI stage 1 (%) | 203(19.5) | 203(89.1) | 32(16.1) | |||
AKI stage 2/3 (%) | 25(2.4) | 25(10.9) | 6(3.2) | |||
AKD stage 1 (%) | 32(3.1) | 32(76.2) | 7(70.0) | |||
AKD stage 2/3 (%) | 10(1.0) | 10(23.8) | 3(30.0) | |||
Progression to CKD or CKD up-stage | 242(22.8) | 172(20.6) | 70(30.7) | 31(73.8) | 0.020* | 37(19.9) |