Fig. 5

Sakuranin limited malignant biological behaviors of T24 cells by triggering autophagy through activating the p53/mTOR pathway. A: Western blot assay detected the activation of the p53/mTOR pathway; B: Western blot determined the protein levels of autophagy markers LC3-I, LC3-II, and p62; C: CCK-8 assay assessed cell proliferation; D: Cell proliferative activity was evaluated by EdU assay; E: Plate clone formation assay detected cell colony formation area; F: Flow cytometry detected cell apoptosis rate; G: Transwell assay assessed cell migration and invasion, and crystal violet staining was used to observe and count cells migrating or invading into the basolateral chamber of the Transwell chambers; H: Cell scratch assay evaluated cell wound healing ability, I: MMP-2 protein level was assessed by Western blot. Data were presented as mean ± SD, and technical repetitions of cell experiments were implemented thrice. One-way ANOVA was conducted for comparisons among multiple groups, followed by Tukey’s test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001