Table 1 Perioperative care according to the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM)

Physiological

1. Educate the patient on the importance of appropriate nutrition and hydration for optimal healing and recovery.

2. Provide instructions on preoperative preparations, including bowel cleansing and medication management.

3. Discuss the potential impact of surgery on physiological functions, such as urinary continence and sexual function, and address any concerns.

Self-concept

1. Address the patient’s fears, anxieties, and expectations related to the surgical procedure.

2. Encourage the patient to express their thoughts and concerns about body image and self-perception changes post-surgery.

Role function

1. Discuss potential changes in social roles and responsibilities during the recovery period.

2. Provide guidance on adapting daily activities and routines during the healing process.

Interdependence

1. Facilitate the involvement of family members or caregivers in the preoperative education and support process.

2. Encourage the patient to communicate their needs and concerns to their support network.

Physiological

1. Provide emotional support and reassurance during the preoperative period and upon entering the operating room.

2. Maintain clear and reassuring communication with the patient during the surgery.

Self-concept

1. Continuously address and manage the patient’s concerns, fears, and emotions during the surgical procedure.

2. Create a calm and supportive environment in the operating room to enhance the patient’s self-concept.

Role function

1. Ensure the patient’s active participation and decision-making in the surgical process when possible.

2. Collaborate with the surgical team to minimize disruptions to the patient’s roles and responsibilities.

Interdependence

Involve the patient’s family members or caregivers in the intraoperative process, addressing their concerns and providing updates.

Physiological

1. Provide pain management through medication and non-pharmacological approaches.

2. Monitor wound healing and provide appropriate wound care instructions.

Self-concept

1. Address potential changes in body image, self-perception, and self-esteem post-surgery.

2. Offer psychological support and counseling to address emotional concerns and promote positive self-concept.

Role function

1. Assist the patient in adapting to changes in daily activities, including bladder and bowel management.

2. Provide guidance on resuming social roles and responsibilities post-surgery, including sexual activities if applicable.

Interdependence

1. Facilitate support from family members and loved ones, encouraging their involvement in the recovery process.

2. Suggest community resources, support groups, or peer networks for additional support and social interaction.