Table 2 Mean performance of the advanced models during cross-validation as well as performance during external validation. CV = Cross-validation

EPIC Urinary Summary

All IPSS questions

Linear regression

9.83

9.88

0.31

27.45

EPIC Urinary Summary

All IPSS questions

Support vector regression

9.59

11.07

1.45

31.57

EPIC Urinary Summary

All IPSS questions

K-nearest neighbors regression

9.32

9.29

0.47

23.64

EPIC Urinary Summary

All IPSS questions

XGBoost

9.84

10.38

0.19

32.86

EPIC Urinary Irritative/Obstructive

All IPSS questions

Linear regression

6.77

6.42

0.26

19.11

EPIC Urinary Irritative/Obstructive

All IPSS questions

Support vector regression

6.46

6.36

0.07

21.31

EPIC Urinary Irritative/Obstructive

All IPSS questions

K-nearest neighbors regression

6.56

7.32

0.45

23.21

EPIC Urinary Irritative/Obstructive

All IPSS questions

XGBoost

6.81

6.87

0.10

31.17

IPSS total

All EPIC Urinary subscale questions

Linear regression

2.65

3.79

0.36

13.71

IPSS total

All EPIC Urinary subscale questions

Support vector regression

2.63

3.89

0.26

14.17

IPSS total

All EPIC Urinary subscale questions

K-nearest neighbors regression

2.86

4.92

0.00

21.50

IPSS total

All EPIC Urinary questions

XGBoost

2.69

4.22

0.27

18.56

IPSS total

Relevant EPIC Urinary questions

Linear regression

2.68

3.91

0.06

13.73

IPSS total

Relevant EPIC Urinary questions

Support vector regression

2.67

4.27

0.37

15.37

IPSS total

Relevant EPIC Urinary questions

K-nearest neighbors regression

2.75

4.28

0.33

14.78

IPSS total

Relevant EPIC Urinary questions

XGBoost

2.65

3.96

0.24

14.53