Skip to main content
Download PDF

RRM1 predicts clinical outcome of high-and intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy

BMC Urology volume 19, Article number: 69 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The expression level of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RRM1) is closely related to the effect of gemcitabine-based therapy in advanced bladder cancer. However, the value of RRM1 expression in predicting progression-free survival in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine chemotherapy has not been elucidated.

Methods

This study randomly assigned 162 patients to either the RRM1-known group or the unknown group. We collected cancer tissues from 81 patients to evaluate the mRNA expression of RRM1 by using liquid chip technology. All patients were diagnosed and then treated with intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy immediately after transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT).

Results

RRM1 expression was high in 21% (17/81) of patients. The RRM1 mRNA level was not correlated with sex, age, weight, performance status, or CUA/EAU risk (p > 0.05). Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer for patients with low RRM1 expression than for patients with high and unknown RRM1 expression (p = 0.009). Additionally, the 1- and 2-year relapse rates also differed according to RRM1 expression level. The 1-year relapse rates for RRM1-low, RRM1-high and RRM1-unknown patients were 0, 17.7 and 6.2% (p = 0.009), while the 2-year relapse rates for these groups were 3.1, 29.4, and 11.1% (p = 0.005), respectively.

Conclusions

This preliminary study showed that low RRM1 expression was associated with longer progression-free survival and lower 1-year/2-year relapse rates in NMIBC patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy, despite the need for further verification with large sample sizes and considering more mixed factors and biases.

Peer Review reports

Background

Bladder tumours represent the ninth most prevalent malignancy in China, and they were responsible for an estimated 32,900 deaths in 2015 [1]. Approximately 70% of all bladder carcinomas are first diagnosed as non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), including tumours of any grade at stages pTa, pT1, or carcinoma in situ (CIS) [2]. Unlike its muscle-invasive counterpart, NMIBC typically has a good prognosis. The EAU guidelines define NMIBC patients as low, intermediate, or high risk for recurrence (based upon stage, grade, tumour size, and multifocality) [3]. Patients with higher progression scores are more likely to progress to muscle invasion within 5 years. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour (TURBT) is the diagnostic and gold standard treatment option for NMIBC. Despite visually complete resection, 30–80% of NMIBC patients will have disease recurrence, possibly due to invisible residual lesions or implantation of tumour cells during TURBT [4]. Current evidence suggests that subsequent instillations of intravesical chemotherapy are necessary for higher-risk disease [5]. Gemcitabine is a cell-cycle specific antimetabolite that is widely used in intravesical chemotherapy [6].

Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 (RRM1) is the largest catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RR), which is the key enzyme catalysing the transformation of ribonucleoside diphosphates to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates [7]. Gemcitabine is an analogue of deoxycytidine. The active forms of gemcitabine inhibit DNA synthesis by incorporating into the DNA chain or inhibiting RRM1 activity [8]. Gemcitabine has been widely used for the treatment of several aggressive solid tumour types, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), bladder tumours, pancreatic tumours and nasopharyngeal carcinoma [9,10,11,12]. There are preclinical and clinical data indicating that high RRM1 protein levels in various cancers are associated with gemcitabine resistance [13, 14]. Moreover, several clinical studies have demonstrated the association between elevated RRM1 levels and unfavourable clinical outcomes in advanced bladder tumour patients treated with gemcitabine­based therapy [9, 15]. However, the relationship between RRM1 mRNA level and gemcitabine activity in NMIBC has not been addressed. In the current paper, we demonstrated the predictive and prognostic value of RRM1 in patients with NMIBC receiving intravesical gemcitabine chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients

This retrospective study enrolled 162 patients with histological confirmed NMIBC and intermediate/high-risk disease at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Third Military Medical University from November 2010 to January 2016. Tissue samples from patients were obtained after surgery. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 0 to 2 was assessed in all enrolled patients. Patient inclusion criteria included the following: 1) an NMIBC patient diagnosis following the EAU guidelines; 2) intermediate or high-risk bladder cancer patients without lymph node metastasis or distant metastases; 3) all patients underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumour plus subsequent instillations of intravesical gemcitabine chemotherapy; 4) first diagnosis of a bladder tumour without accepting any surgery or drug treatment; and 5) patients voluntarily participated in the study and signed the informed consent form. This study was conducted with the approval of the medical ethics committee of Second Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University. Each patient provided written informed consent before participation in the current investigation. Patient information on pathologic characteristics, treatment details, and survival was obtained from follow-up and surgical records. The major clinical endpoint in the current study was disease-free survival (DFS), and the secondary clinical outcomes were 1-year and 2-year relapse rates.

Treatment and response evaluation

All patients received intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy immediately after TURBT. A total of 1000 mg of gemcitabine was diluted in 40 ml of saline solution, and patients received weekly instillations for 8 consecutive weeks. The drug was held in the bladder for 60 min. The treatment cycle was then changed to once a month for one year. Follow-up was performed to assess the efficacy of the treatment for all involved patients. In general, in the first year, cystoscopy and urinary cytology were examined at 3-month intervals and then at 6-month intervals in the next year. Relapse was defined as a positive examination on cystoscopy. The first recurrence (disease-free survival) time was defined as the period between TURBT and positive finding during cystoscopy.

RRM1 mRNA expression analysis

In the current investigation, multiplex branched-DNA (bDNA) liquid chip technology was employed to perform RRM1 expression analyses at SurExam Medical Test Centre, Guangzhou, China, and these analyses are detailed in the paper published by Zhang [16]. Briefly, digested tissue was incubated with target gene-specific probe sets, and then fluorescence capture beads were added. Then, the mixture was hybridized with bDNA signal amplification probes for the purpose of signal amplification. In the end, the Luminex 200 system (Luminex Corp., Austin, Texas) was used to cluster the fluorescence value of each sample. Three standard genes were demonstrated as reference genes, including beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), transfer in receptor (TFRC), and TATA box-binding protein (TBP). All original data were subjected to standardize processing, which included raw data alignment (fastq file), duplication removal, quality control, etc., until we obtained clean data for subsequent analyses. All gene expression levels among patients were distributed across the whole samples, and then each patient received an RRM1 expression value. The median RRM1expression level was selected for the cutoff value. The expression level of RRM1 was considered high if its level was equal to or exceeded the cutoff value. All other mRNA values were considered low expression.

Statistical analysis

SPSS statistical software, version 19.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA) was employed for data analysis. The χ2 and Fisher exact tests were performed to identify associations between clinicopathologic variables and RRM1 status as appropriate. Survival curves were demonstrated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. A log-rank test was used to compare survival differences among groups. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a statistically significant difference was defined as p < 0.05.

Results

Patient features

Table 1 shows the baseline clinicopathologic features of the study population. The median age of the 162 patients was 60 years (range, 25–89 years), and there were 132 (81.5%) men and 30 (18.5%) women in the cohort. All patients were classified as having high-risk NMIBC and an ECOG PS 0~2. All patients underwent 1 year of intravesical gemcitabine chemotherapy after TURBT. The median patient follow-up was 30.5 months (range, 14–76 months). The patients were randomly assigned evenly to either the RRM1-known group (high and low expression of RRM1) or to the unknown group. There were 81 tumour samples successfully processed for RRM1 analysis, and 21.0% (17/81) of the patient demonstrated high RRM1 expression.

Table 1 Patients’ characteristics according to RRM1 expression
Full size table

Relationship between clinicopathologic features and RRM1 expression

The expression of RRM1 was divided into high and low expression according to the cutoff value of RRM1, which was 0.557 (range 0.006–0.997). Of the 162 patients, RRM1 expression was high in 17 (10.5%) patients and low in 64 (39.5%) patients. The RRM1 level was unknown in the remaining 50% of patients. As shown in Table 2, the level of RRM1 expression was moderately associated with clinicopathologic features. There were no significant differences observed in sex (p = 0.921), age (p = 0.170), weight (p = 0.260), ECOG performance status (p = 0.610), or CUA/EAU risk between the three groups (p = 0.944). Surprisingly, when compared to patients with low (4.9%, 3/64) and unknown (18.5%, 15/81) RRM1 levels, patients with high RRM1 levels were more likely to relapse (29.4%, 5/17), p = 0.010.

Table 2 The 1-year/2-year relapse rates according to RRM1 expression and clinicopathological features
Full size table

Association between RRM1 level and clinical outcomes

After a median follow-up of 30.5 months, 14.2% (23/162) of the patients experienced disease progression, and all patients were alive. As shown in Fig. 1, PFS was significantly longer for patients with low RRM1 expression than for patients with high and unknown RRM1 expression, p = 0.009. However, median PFS could not be calculated because a majority of patients were disease-free at the end of follow-up.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Analysis of the progression of disease-free survival probability among low, high and unknown groups

Full size image

Additionally, the 1-year and 2-year relapse rates also differed according to RRM1 expression and other clinical characteristics. The 1-year relapse rates for RRM1-low, RRM1-high and RRM1-unknown patients were 0, 17.7 and 6.2% (p = 0.009), respectively, while the 2-year relapse rates in these groups were 3.1, 29.4, and 11.1% (p = 0.005), respectively. Other clinical characteristics, such as age, weight, and performance status, showed little association with 1-year/2-year relapse rates. The female patients had higher 1-year relapse rates than the male patients (13.3% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.04).

Discussion

In clinical practice, the effects of chemotherapeutic agents or regimens vary among different individuals. Pharmacogenomics studies have shown that genetic factors play a vital role in curative effects. Therefore, identifying a biomarker is essential for establishing personalized treatments and improving treatment outcomes. Several recent studies have focused on evaluating predictive and/or prognostic markers for various tumours, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma and bladder carcinoma.

Our present study investigated the predictive and prognostic value of RRM1 in patients with NMIBC receiving intravesical gemcitabine chemotherapy. There were 162 NMIBC patients randomly assigned to either the RRM1-known group or the unknown group. The expression levels of RRM1 were significantly associated with age, sex, weight, ECOG performance status, or CUA/EAU risk, which is in accordance with prior results in advanced UC and NSCLC [9, 17]. Our data showed that high RRM1 expression was observed in less than 30% of tumours and was an unfavourable prognostic factor for PFS. Conversely, a low RRM1 level was found to be correlated with better PFS according to the Kaplan-Meier analysis. In addition, patients with low RRM1 expression showed the lowest 1-year/2-year relapse rate, while the RRM1-high patients had the highest relapse rates (17.1 and 29.4%, respectively). The association between RRM1 expression and prognosis in the present study was consistent with previous studies investigating other tumours treated with gemcitabine.

Previous studies associated with RRM1 expression in NSCLC patients largely demonstrated that low or negative RRM1 levels in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving gemcitabine-based regimens were correlated with higher response rates and a better prognosis [18]. In addition, there are also several studies that evaluated the predictive and/or prognostic value of RRM1 expression level in patients with urothelial carcinoma (UC). In one study, high RRM1 expression in respectable MIBC patients aged < 70 years was associated with improved survival [19]. On the other hand, the RRM1 level in advanced BC patients receiving gemcitabine-based regimes was not correlated with response or OS, except time-to-progression (TTP) [20]. These discrepant results may be attributable to differences in the patients involved. Similar to our results, Kim et al. found that high RRM1 expression was associated with inferior prognosis and clinical outcome after platinum plus gemcitabine combination chemotherapy for advanced UC [9, 15]. In contrast with previous studies regarding RRM1 in UC with gemcitabine-based therapy, this is the first study of early BC (NMIBC) with intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy. Taken together, these studies suggest that low RRM1 expression may help identify patients who will significantly benefit from gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in early and advanced UC.

The role of RRM1 in gemcitabine resistance carries more significance in the MIBC population, in which gemcitabine chemotherapy in combination with cisplatin is the standard of care. The standard treatment of NMIBC, however, remains treatment with bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG). The role of gemcitabine as a standard intravesical treatment in non-BCG refractory patients is unclear, as recurrence rates have been shown to be significantly higher among high-risk patients treated with gemcitabine compared with those treated with BCG. BCG was the first choice in intravesical instillation treatment with intermediate- or high-risk NMIBC. The recurrence rate of BCG treatment is lower than that of gemcitabine intravesical chemotherapy. However, in China, the price of BCG is too high, approximately 6 times higher than the cost of gemcitabine treatment, and no medical insurance covers this cost. For economic reasons, most NMIBC patients generally give up using BCG treatment and use gemcitabine intravesical chemotherapy as a secondary choice. The purpose of current study was to maximize the efficacy of gemcitabine perfusion therapy in these patients.

Nevertheless, limitations must be considered in the current investigation. The current study is a single-centre study, and the number of RRM1-high patients investigated was relatively small (N = 17). In addition, the Kaplan-Meier analysis of RRM1-low and RRM1-unknown groups failed to reach median PFS despite having a median follow-up of 30.5 months (range, 14–76 months). One main reason for these limitations is that the prognosis of NMIBC patients is usually good. Therefore, further well-designed studies must enrol a larger sample size and have longer follow-up periods. In addition, the nature of the retrospective study means that there is a risk of selection bias, which is another limitation in our investigation, and a lack of secondary analysis (regression models) to confirm RRM1 as an independent variable associated with disease recurrence and progression should be avoided in future studies. Despite these limitations, the current study is clinically meaningful and suggests the important role of RRM1 mRNA expression in patients with NMIBC. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating RRM1 mRNA in NMIBC patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this preliminary study showed that low RRM1 expression was associated with longer progression-free survival and lower 1-year/2-year relapse rates in NMIBC patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy, despite the need for further verification with large sample sizes and considering more mixed factors and biases.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets for the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

CUA:

China Urological Association

EAU:

European Association of Urology

NMIBC:

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

PFS:

Progression-free survival

RRM1:

Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1

TURBT:

Transurethral resection of the bladder tumour

References

  1. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ, He J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(2):115–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Traboulsi SL, Kassouf W. Bladder cancer: a step closer to individualized treatment for bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2016;13(3):127–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Olivier Bosset P, Neuzillet Y, Paoletti X, Molinie V, Botto H, Lebret T. Long-term follow-up of TaG1 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2015;33(1):20 e21–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Porten SP, Leapman MS, Greene KL. Intravesical chemotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Indian J Urol. 2015;31(4):297–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, van der Meijden AP. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol. 2004;171(6 Pt 1):2186–90 quiz 2435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Kim SI, Choo SH. Intravesical Chemotherapy. In: Bladder Cancer.edn: Elsevier; 2018. p. 263–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809939-1.00019-9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Brissenden J, Caras I, Thelander L, Francke U. The structural gene for the M1 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase maps to chromosome 11, band p15, in human and to chromosome 7 in mouse. Exp Cell Res. 1988;174(1):302–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mini E, Nobili S, Caciagli B, Landini I, Mazzei T. Cellular pharmacology of gemcitabine. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(Suppl5):v7–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim M, Ku JH, Kwak C, Kim HH, Lee E, Keam B, Kim TM, Heo DS, Lee SH, Moon KC. Predictive and prognostic value of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M1 and excision repair cross-complementation group 1 in advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) treated with first-line gemcitabine plus platinum combination chemotherapy. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhao LP, Xue C, Zhang JW, Hu ZH, Zhao YY, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhao HY, Zhang L. Expression of RRM1 and its association with resistancy to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chinese journal of cancer. 2012;31(10):476–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lee JJ, Maeng CH, Baek SK, Kim GY, Yoo JH, Choi CW, Kim YH, Kwak YT, Kim DH, Lee YK et al: The immunohistochemical overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M1 (RRM1) protein is a predictor of shorter survival to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2010, 70(2):205–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Aoyama T, Miyagi Y, Murakawa M, Yamaoku K, Atsumi Y, Shiozawa M, Ueno M, Morimoto M, Oshima T, Yukawa N, et al. Clinical implications of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 in patients with pancreatic cancer who undergo curative resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine. Oncol Lett. 2017;13(5):3423–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Davidson JD, Ma L, Flagella M, Geeganage S, Gelbert LM, Slapak CA. an increase in the expression of ribonucleotide reductase large subunit 1 is associated with gemcitabine resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 2004;64(11):3761–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bergman AM, Eijk PP, Ruiz van Haperen VW, Smid K, Veerman G, Hubeek I, van den Ijssel P, Ylstra B, Peters GJ. in vivo induction of resistance to gemcitabine results in increased expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 as the major determinant. Cancer Res. 2005;65(20):9510–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Shilkrut M, Wu A, Thomas DG, Hamstra DA. Expression of ribonucleoside reductase subunit M1, but not excision repair cross-complementation group 1, is predictive in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiation. Mol Clin Oncol. 2014;2(3):479–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang Q, Sun T, Kang P, Qian K, Deng B, Zhou J, Wang R, Jiang B, Li K, Liu F, et al. Combined analysis of rearrangement of ALK, ROS1, somatic mutation of EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and mRNA expression of ERCC1, TYMS, RRM1, TUBB3, EGFR in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer and their clinical significance. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;77(3):583–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Simon G, Sharma A, Li X, Hazelton T, Walsh F, Williams C, Chiappori A, Haura E, Tanvetyanon T, Antonia S, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of molecular analysis-directed individualized therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2007;25(19):2741–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gong W, Zhang X, Wu J, Chen L, Li L, Sun J, Lv Y, Wei X, Du Y, Jin H et al: RRM1 expression and clinical outcome of gemcitabine-containing chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2012, 75(3):374–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Harshman LC, Bepler G, Zheng Z, Higgins JP, Allen GI, Srinivas S. Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 expression in resectable, muscle-invasive urothelial cancer correlates with survival in younger patients. BJU Int. 2010;106(11):1805–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bellmunt J, Paz-Ares L, Cuello M, Cecere FL, Albiol S, Guillem V, Gallardo E, Carles J, Mendez P, de la Cruz JJ, et al. Gene expression of ERCC1 as a novel prognostic marker in advanced bladder cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(3):522–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

The current work was supported partly by the clinical research project key projects of Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University (2014YLC28 for purchasing most of the experimental reagents, materials and sequencing fees) and partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772702 for providing the labour costs for the researchers and the fee for some antibodies).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China

    Zhenxing Yang, Luqiang Zhou, Jie Xu & Zhenqiang Fang

  2. SurExam Bio-Tech Co, Guangzhou, 510663, Guangdong, China

    Bingqiang Fu

  3. Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China

    Ping Hao

Authors
  1. Zhenxing Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bingqiang Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luqiang Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jie Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ping Hao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhenqiang Fang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Z.F., J.X., and P.H. designed the investigation; Z.F. and J.X. provided the funding for the current research; Z.F. and L.Z. had access to all tissues samples; Z.F. and Z.Y.J.X. obtained statutory and ethics approvals; B.F. and Z.Y. contributed to data acquisition; Z.Y., B.F., and Z.F. performed the data preparation, quality control and analyses and checked the results. Y. and B.F. drafted the report. All authors contributed to writing the final report and approved the version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhenqiang Fang.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was conducted with the approval of the medical ethics committee of Second Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University. Each patient signed a written informed consent form before entry into this study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yang, Z., Fu, B., Zhou, L. et al. RRM1 predicts clinical outcome of high-and intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with intravesical gemcitabine monotherapy. BMC Urol 19, 69 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-019-0497-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-019-0497-x

Keywords

BMC Urology

ISSN: 1471-2490

Contact us