Skip to main content
Download PDF

The use of hyperbaric oxygen to treat actinic rectal fistula after SpaceOAR use and radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a case report

BMC Urology volume 20, Article number: 196 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

In definitive radiation therapy for prostate cancer, the SpaceOAR® System, a hydrogel spacer, is widely used to decrease the irradiated dose and toxicity of rectum. On the other hand, periprostatic abscesses formation and rectal perforation are known as rare adverse effects of SpaceOAR. Nevertheless, there is a lack of reports clarifying the association between aggravation of abscesses and radiation therapy, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is effective for a peri-SpaceOAR abscess and rectal perforation.

Case presentation

We report a case of a 78-year-old high-risk prostate cancer patient. After SpaceOAR insertion into the correct space, he started to receive external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). He developed a fever, perineal pain and frequent urination after the completion of EBRT, and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a peri-SpaceOAR abscess. Scheduled brachytherapy was postponed, administration of antibiotics and opioid via intravenous drip was commenced, and transperineal drainage was performed. After the alleviation of the abscess, additional EBRT instead of brachytherapy was performed with MRI-guided radiation therapy (MRgRT). On the last day of the MRgRT, perineal pain reoccurred, and MRI and colonoscopy detected the rectal perforation. He received an intravenous antibiotics drip and HBOT, and fully recovered from the rectal perforation.

Conclusions

Our report indicates that EBRT can lead to a severe rectum complication by causing inflammation for patients with a peri-SpaceOAR abscess. Furthermore, HBOT was effective for the peri-SpaceOAR abscess and rectal perforation associated with EBRT.

Peer Review reports

Background

A hydrogel spacer is used in radiation therapy (RT) for a variety of cancers to decrease the irradiated dose to the organs at risk (OARs) [1,2,3,4,5]. Furthermore, in pelvic radiation therapy, a hydrogel spacer is used to decrease the rectal dose [6,7,8,9]. In definitive RT for prostate cancer, The SpaceOAR® System (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA), a hydrogel spacer, is widely used to decrease the rectal dose and toxicity [10, 11]. A prospective randomised study revealed that insertion of SpaceOAR significantly reduced the rectal dose and toxicity and improved bowel/urinary quality of life [12,13,14]. On the other hand, a patient who developed periprostatic abscess formation after SpaceOAR insertion was reported [15]; however, it was not clear whether SpaceOAR insertion was successful, although the infection improved after percutaneous drainage. Periprostatic abscess is a rare adverse effect of SpaceOAR, and the association between aggravation of abscesses and radiotherapy has not been clarified. Furthermore, the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for peri-SpaceOAR has not been reported. Here, we have presented a case of rectal perforation after peri-SpaceOAR abscess that was successfully treated with HBOT.

Case presentation

The patient was a 78-year-old prostate cancer patient who had no medical history, except surgical history of goiter and nasal haemangioma. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 13.89 ng/mL in a routine evaluation. The clinical stage was T3a. Ultrasound-guided transperineal prostate biopsy revealed Grade Group 4 adenocarcinoma in 1 of 24 specimens. Two months after the biopsy, administration of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist was initiated. He opted for external beam RT (EBRT) 46 Gy in 23 fractions combined with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy 15 Gy in 1 fraction as a definitive treatment. Four months after initiating hormone therapy, SpaceOAR was inserted into the space between the prostate and the rectum, and fiducial markers were inserted into the prostate under local anaesthesia with lidocaine (day 0). The insertion was completed without any side effects, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed that the SpaceOAR was inserted in the correct position (Fig. 1, left). Three weeks after inserting SpaceOAR (day 21), EBRT with computed tomography linear accelerator was initiated. The clinical target volume (CTV) included the prostate, all seminal vesicles, and whole pelvic lymph node regions. The planning target volume (PTV) margin of the whole pelvis was 3 mm, 7 mm, and 8 mm in the RL, SI, and AP directions, respectively. Six days after initiating EBRT (day 27), he developed perineal pain. Owing to increased perineal pain and a diagnosis of urinary tract infection on day 40, antibiotic treatment was initiated. Perineal pain gradually subsided, and he completed oral antibiotic treatment in 1 week (day 47). Four days later (day 51), he experienced perineal pain and frequent urination again; hence, antibiotic treatment was reinitiated. On day 60, oral administration of opioids was initiated due to increasing perineal pain. The next day (day 61), he developed high fever; thus, MRI was performed for detailed examination. A peri-SpaceOAR abscess was detected on MRI (Fig. 1, middle). Thus, HDR brachytherapy was postponed, administration of antibiotics and opioids via intravenous drip was initiated, and transperineal drainage was performed. Subsequently, the pain gradually subsided and the abscess shrunk slightly on MRI; therefore, intravenous administration of antibiotics changed to oral administration (day 76). Three weeks later (day 97), shrinkage of the abscess and decrease in inflammatory response were confirmed by MRI. Therefore, on day 112, additional RT was initiated. At our conference, EBRT of 20 Gy in 4 fractions was recommended as additional RT instead of HDR monotherapy to decrease the dose per fraction. Magnetic resonance-guided RT (MRgRT) with 60Co MRIdian under a magnetic field of 0.345 T (ViewRay MRIdian System, Oakwood Village, OH) was selected to accurately assess intrafractional and interfractional motion of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and OARs (rectum and bladder). The CTV included the prostate and seminal vesicles. The PTV margin was 5 mm, 4 mm, and 3 mm in the RL, SI, and AP directions, respectively. On the last day of MRgRT (day 119), he experienced perineal pain again, and MRI was performed. MRI on day 120 showed aggravated peri-SpaceOAR inflammation and penetration to the rectum was suspected (Fig. 1, right). Colonoscopy was subsequently performed, and penetration of SpaceOAR into the rectum was detected (Fig. 2). To treat rectal perforation, he was kept nothing per os and administration of antibiotics via intravenous drip and intravenous hyperalimentation initiated. He was also transferred to another hospital for HBOT (day 131). HBOT was initiated on day 131. After 24 HBOT sessions for 5 weeks, recovery from rectal perforation was confirmed by colonoscopy, and administration of antibiotics was discontinued. Ten weeks after termination of HBOT, disappearance of a peri-SpaceOAR abscess was confirmed on MRI (day 243).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The changes of MRI findings after the SpaceOAR insertion. MRI taken 1 week after the SpaceOAR insertion (day 7, left). A peri-SpaceOAR abscess (day 61, middle) and a rectal perforation were detected on MRI (day 120, right)

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

SpaceOAR penetration into rectum wall detected by colonoscopy. After the penetration of peri-SpaceOAR abscess into rectum wall was suspected on MRI, colonoscopy was performed. SpaceOAR penetrating rectum wall was detected on colonoscopy

Full size image

Discussion and conclusions

A 78-year-old patient with prostate cancer developed rectal perforation caused by a peri-SpaceOAR abscess and MRgRT (cured by HBOT). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that HBOT was effective for rectal perforation associated with a peri-SpaceOAR abscess.

Radiotherapy is one of the most significant treatment modalities in prostate cancer [16,17,18]. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend EBRT + androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and EBRT + brachytherapy + ADT for the treatment of high-risk prostate cancer [19]. Our patient was scheduled to receive EBRT + HDR brachytherapy + ADT. However, the treatment plan was changed to EBRT + ADT because HDR brachytherapy could cause infection [20] and a large dose per fraction could cause strong inflammation. Furthermore, MRgRT was selected because of its several potential advantages. Murray J et al. [21] reported three advantages of MRgRT—improvement in prostate visibility, monitoring of intrafractional prostate position, and daily adaptive replanning. Owing to these advantages, the margin size of MRgRT in our patient was smaller than that of CT-based RT, as mentioned above.

Radiation-induced intestinal side effects such as bleeding and ulcer are occasionally observed [22,23,24], but rectal perforation associated with RT is rarely observed. A case of rectal ulceration due to insertion of SpaceOAR into the anterior rectal wall was reported by Teh et al. [25]. However, in our case, SpaceOAR was inserted into the correct space between the prostate and the rectum, confirmed by MRI. A peri-prostate abscess is a rare side effect of SpaceOAR [15]. In our study, after improvement of the peri-SpaceOAR abscess, rectal perforation was detected after EBRT. Rectal perforation could have been caused by not only a peri-SpaceOAR abscess but also inflammation due to EBRT.

HBOT has been reported to be effective for the treatment of abscesses [26,27,28,29]. In addition, HBOT is also reported to be effective for the treatment of RT side effects [30,31,32,33,34]. We, therefore, recommended HBOT for the treatment of peri-SpaceOAR abscess and radiation-induced rectal perforation.

The exacerbation of peri-SpaceOAR abscess and rectal perforation occurred after the resumption of radiotherapy in our patient, but the abscess and rectal perforation resolved after initiating HBOT. The resumption of radiotherapy probably caused decreased blood flow and increased hypoxia, which could reduce endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) homing to the injured rectum area. However, HBOT is known to facilitate EPC trafficking/homing, thereby promoting wound repair due to angiogenesis [35, 36]. In addition, HBOT elevates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 and HIF-2 levels in vasculogenic stem/progenitor cells due to increases in reactive oxygen species [36], and this mechanism would also facilitate neovascularization. Furthermore, increasing the oxygen partial pressure can inhibit the growth of anaerobic bacteria and control the infection. HBOT may have helped our patient recover from the abscess and rectal perforation by these mechanisms.

In the management of radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis, early initiation of HBOT has been reported to lead to better outcomes [37]. In this previous report, HBOT within 6 months from the onset of haematuria resulted in a better response rate. In our patient, HBOT was initiated within 4 months from the onset of perineal pain, and within 2 weeks from the onset of rectal perforation. It was feared that HBOT had a cancer-promoting effect and enhanced tumour progression. However, three review articles [38,39,40] have reported that HBOT does not promote cancer growth. Hence, HBOT was a good treatment option in our case.

Our case report indicates that EBRT can lead to severe rectal complications by causing inflammation in patients with a peri-SpaceOAR abscess. Furthermore, it indicates that HBOT is effective for the treatment of peri-SpaceOAR abscess and rectal perforation associated with EBRT.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ADT:

Androgen deprivation therapy

CT:

Computed tomographic

CTV:

Clinical target volume

EBRT:

External beam radiation therapy

HBOT:

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

HDR:

High-dose-rate

HIF:

Hypoxia inducible factors

LHRH:

Leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone

MRgRT:

Magnetic resonance imaging-guided radiation therapy

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NCCN:

National Comprehensive Cancer Network

OAR:

Organ at risk

PTV:

Planning target volume

PSA:

Prostate-specific antigen

RT:

Radiation therapy

References

  1. Feng Z, Rao AD, Cheng Z, et al. Dose prediction model for duodenum sparing with a biodegradable hydrogel spacer for pancreatic cancer radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018;102(3):651–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rao AD, Feng Z, Shin EJ, et al. A novel absorbable radiopaque hydrogel spacer to separate the head of the pancreas and duodenum in radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;99(5):1111–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kerdsirichairat T, Narang AK, Thompson E, et al. Feasibility of using hydrogel spacers for borderline-resectable and locally advanced pancreatic tumors. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(4):933–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Struik GM, Pignol JP, Kolkman-Deurloo IK, et al. Subcutaneous spacer injection to reduce skin toxicity in breast brachytherapy: a pilot study on mastectomy specimens. Brachytherapy. 2019;18(2):204–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Rao AD, Coquia S, De Jong R, et al. Effects of biodegradable hydrogel spacer injection on contralateral submandibular gland sparing in radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Radiother Oncol. 2018;126(1):96–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Trifiletti DM, Garda AE, Showalter TN. Implanted spacer approaches for pelvic radiation therapy. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2016;13(7):633–40.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kashihara T, Murakami N, Tselis N, et al. Hyaluronate gel injection for rectum dose reduction in gynecologic high-dose-rate brachytherapy: initial Japanese experience. J Radiat Res. 2019;60(4):501–8.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Murakami N, Shima S, Kashihara T, et al. Hyaluronic gel injection into the vesicovaginal septum for high-dose-rate brachytherapy of uterine cervical cancer: an effective approach for bladder dose reduction. J Contemp Brachyther. 2019;11(1):1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Murakami N, Nakamura S, Kashihara T, et al. Hyaluronic acid gel injection in rectovaginal septum reduced incidence of rectal bleeding in brachytherapy for gynecological malignancies. Brachytherapy. 2020;19(2):154–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hwang ME, Mayeda M, Liz M, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy with periprostatic hydrogel spacer for localized prostate cancer: toxicity profile and early oncologic outcomes. Radiat Oncol. 2019;14(1):136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wu SY, Boreta L, Wu A, et al. Improved rectal dosimetry with the use of SpaceOAR during high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2018;17(2):259–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mariados N, Sylvester J, Shah D, et al. Hydrogel spacer prospective multicenter randomized controlled pivotal trial: dosimetric and clinical effects of perirectal spacer application in men undergoing prostate image guided intensity modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;92(5):971–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hamstra DA, Mariados N, Sylvester J, et al. Continued benefit to rectal separation for prostate radiation therapy: final results of a phase III trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;97(5):976–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Shaikh T, Li T, Handorf EA, et al. Long-term patient-reported outcomes from a phase 3 randomized prospective trial of conventional versus hypofractionated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;97(4):722–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hoe V, Yao HH, Huang JG, et al. Abscess formation following hydrogel spacer for prostate cancer radiotherapy: a rare complication. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(10):e229143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280(11):969–74.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Parker CC, James ND, Brawley CD, et al. Radiotherapy to the primary tumour for newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): A randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10162):2353–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kashihara T, Nakamura S, Wakita A, et al. Importance of the site of positive surgical margin in salvage external beam radiation therapy for biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Cancer Med. 2018;7(5):1723–30.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohler JL, Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ, et al. Prostate Cancer, Version 2.2019, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2019;17(5):479–505.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Emory CL, Montgomery CO, Potter BK, et al. Early complications of high-dose-rate brachytherapy in soft tissue sarcoma: a comparison with traditional external-beam radiotherapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(3):751–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Murray J, Tree AC. Prostate cancer—advantages and disadvantages of MR-guided RT. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2019;18:68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Fuccio L, Guido A, Andreyev HJ. Management of intestinal complications in patients with pelvic radiation disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(12):1326–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kashihara T, Murakami N, Iizumi S, et al. Hemorrhage from ascending colon and gluteal muscle associated with Sorafenib and radiation therapy: radiation dose distribution corresponded with colonoscopy findings and computed tomography images. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2019;9(4):214–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Weiner JP, Wong AT, Schwartz D, et al. Endoscopic and non-endoscopic approaches for the management of radiation-induced rectal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(31):6972–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Teh AY, Ko HT, Barr G, et al. Rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR hydrogel insertion during prostate brachytherapy. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014206931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sahin A, Kilic M, Dalgic N. A case report of a 4-year-old boy with intradural spinal cord abscess successfully treated with adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Turk Neurosurg. 2019;29(5):789–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kutlay M, Colak A, Yildiz S, et al. Stereotactic aspiration and antibiotic treatment combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of bacterial brain abscesses. Neurosurgery. 2008;62(Suppl 2):540–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cimşit M, Uzun G, Yildiz S. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an anti-infective agent. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2009;7(8):1015–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ciodaro F, Gazia F, Galletti B, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a case of cervical abscess extending to anterior mediastinum, with isolation of Prevotella corporis. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(7):e229873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hartmann A, Almeling M, Carl UM. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) in the treatment of radiogenic side effects. Strahlenther Onkol. 1996;172(12):641–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Peusch-Dreyer D, Dreyer KH, Müller CD, et al. Management of postoperative radiation injury of the urinary bladder by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). Strahlenther Onkol. 1998;174(Suppl 3):99–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Corman JM, McClure D, Pritchett R, et al. Treatment of radiation induced hemorrhagic cystitis with hyperbaric oxygen. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2200–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Cardinal J, Slade A, McFarland M, et al. Scoping review and meta-analysis of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Curr Urol Rep. 2018;19(6):38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ashamalla HL, Thom SR, Goldwein JW. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of radiation-induced sequelae in children. Univ Pa Exp Cancer. 1996;77(11):2407–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hsu SL, Yin TC, Shao PL, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen facilitates the effect of endothelial progenitor cell therapy on improving outcome of rat critical limb ischemia. Am J Transl Res. 2019;11(4):1948–64.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Thom SR. Hyperbaric oxygen—its mechanisms and efficacy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(Suppl 1):131S-141S.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Chong KT, Hampson NB, Corman JM. Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves outcome for radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Urology. 2005;65(4):649–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Feldmeier J, Carl U, Hartmann K, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen: does it promote growth or recurrence of malignancy? Undersea Hyperb Med. 2003;30:1–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Daruwalla J, Christophi C. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for malignancy: a review. World J Surg. 2006;30:2112–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Moen I, Stuhr LE. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cancer—a review. Target Oncol. 2012;7(4):233–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Tairo Kashihara, Koji Inaba, Hiroki Nakayama, Kotaro Iijima, Shie Nishioka, Hiroyuki Okamoto, Satoshi Shima, Satoshi Nakamura, Ayaka Takahashi, Kana Takahashi, Kae Okuma, Naoya Murakami, Hiroshi Igaki, Yuko Nakayama & Jun Itami

  2. Department of Urological Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Motokiyo Komiyama, Arinobu Fukunaga, Yoshiyuki Matsui & Hiroyuki Fujimoto

  3. Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Nao Kikkawa & Yuko Kubo

Authors
  1. Tairo Kashihara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Koji Inaba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Motokiyo Komiyama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hiroki Nakayama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Kotaro Iijima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Shie Nishioka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hiroyuki Okamoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Nao Kikkawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Yuko Kubo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Satoshi Shima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Satoshi Nakamura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Ayaka Takahashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Kana Takahashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Kae Okuma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Naoya Murakami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Hiroshi Igaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Yuko Nakayama
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Arinobu Fukunaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Yoshiyuki Matsui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Hiroyuki Fujimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Jun Itami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conception and design of the work: TK, KI, MK, HN, KI, SN, HO, NK, YK, SS, SN, AT, KT, KO, NM, HI, YN, AF, YM, HF, JI. Supervision and wrote the paper: TK. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tairo Kashihara.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All analyses involving human participants performed in this study were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cancer Center Hospital (approval number, 2017-091) and were in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

Competing interests

Dr. Inaba reports personal fees from Boston Scientific Japan, and grants from Elekta K.K., outside the submitted work. Dr. Nakayama reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work. Dr. Igaki reports personal fees from Itochu, personal fees from ViewRay Inc., grants from HekaBio, outside the submitted work. Dr. Itami reports grants and non-financial support from KeyJ, personal fees from Alpha Tau, personal fees from ItoChu, outside the submitted work.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kashihara, T., Inaba, K., Komiyama, M. et al. The use of hyperbaric oxygen to treat actinic rectal fistula after SpaceOAR use and radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a case report. BMC Urol 20, 196 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00767-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00767-3

Keywords

  • Radiotherapy
  • Hydrogel spacer
  • Side effects
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
  • MR-guided radiation therapy

BMC Urology

ISSN: 1471-2490

Contact us