Skip to main content
Download PDF

Anti-proliferative potential of Glucosamine in renal cancer cells via inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase

BMC Urology volume 17, Article number: 38 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most common types of cancer in urological system worldwide. Recently, the anticancer role of Glucosamine has been studied in many types of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Glucosamine on RCC.

Methods

The effects of Glucosamine on RCC cell proliferation and apoptosis were investigated by MTT assay and Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis assay, respectively in vitro. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry after treatment with Glucosamine. Protein levels of several cell cycle associated markers were examined by Western Blot.

Results

Our data showed that Glucosamine significantly inhibited the proliferation of renal cancer 786-O and Caki-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, Glucosamine treatment resulted in cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in both cell lines. Meanwhile, the expression of several regulators that contribute to G1/S phased transition, such as Cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6, were significantly down-regulated with the up-regulation of cell cycle inhibitors, p21 and p53, after treatment with glucosamine. However, the apoptosis rate of RCC cells was down-regulated when treatment with Glucosamine at 1 mM and 5 mM, while up-regulated at 10 mM.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that Glucosamine inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells by promoting cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, but not promoting apoptosis. The present results suggested that Glucosamine might be a potential therapeutic agent in RCC treatment in the future.

Peer Review reports

Background

D-Glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucose), a naturally occurring amino monosaccharide, is used to synthesize UDP-GlcNAc in the body via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [1]. UDP-GlcNAc is the principal substrate for the glycosylation of proteins [2, 3]. Because it is highly water soluble and nontoxic, Glucosamine has been widely used as a nutritional supplement in both humans and dogs [4]. The most famous use of glucosamine is to treat human osteoarthritis [5, 6]. Except for its chondroprotective action, glucosamine has been demonstrated to have many other functions, such as anti-cancer.

Glucosamine was first demonstrated as an anticancer pharmaceutical more than 60 years ago [7]. Recently, more attentions have been attracted to its antitumor properties. Glucosamine is an effective lytic agent for several types of tumors with little toxicity to normal cells [8]. It has been reported that glucosamine suppresses the proliferation of human prostate cancer DU145 cells through STAT3 signaling pathway [9]. Glucosamine can also play anti-cancer activity through the inhibition of N-linked glycosylation [10]. In retinal pigment epithelial cells, glucosamine exhibits its antitumor role through the inhibition of epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and cell-cycle progression [11]. However, the effects of Glucosamine on renal cancer cells remain unclear, let alone the mechanisms.

It is well-known that cell cycle deregulation is one of the most prevalent characteristics of all cancers [12]. Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and various kinds of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) are closely involved in cell cycle distribution [13]. Cyclin D1, which is responsible for the transition from G1 phase to S phase via forming complexes with CDK4 and CDK6, is one of the most important cell cycle regulators in the process of tumor development [14, 15]. M. S. Lima et al. reported that Cyclin D1 was overexpressed in RCC and can be used as an prognostic factor in RCC patients [16]. P21 protein is a well-known CDK inhibitor, participating in cell-cycle regulation via the inhibition of cyclin-CDK complex activity in G1 phase [15]. Tumor suppressor p53 also takes part in regulating the cell cycle process and p21 acts as a major downstream effector of p53 in G1 phase [17, 18]. The deficiency of p21 along with p53 may lead to unrestricted cell cycle progression and carcinogenesis.

Renal cell carcinoma, which accounts for about 3% of all cancers in adults, is one of the most common diagnosed cancers in urological system in the world [19]. About 62,700 cases of kidney cancer and renal pelvis cancer are expected to occur and lead to more than 14,240 deaths in the United States in 2016 [20]. Among all the subtypes of RCC, about 70% is clear cell histopathology [21]. It is estimated that approximate 25% of patients with RCC have encountered metastases at the time of diagnosis and another 25% have locally advanced disease [22]. RCC was reported inherently resistant to cytotoxic therapy, hormone therapy or radiation [23, 24].

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of D-Glucosamine on RCC cells. Our results show that Glucosamine inhibited the proliferation of renal cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, we tried to explore how Glucosamine exert its anti-proliferation effect. The apoptosis assay revealed that RCC cells apoptosis was down-regulated when treatment with Glucosamine at low concentration, while up-regulated at very high concentration. Moreover, Glucosamine treatment resulted in cell-cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Mechanically, Cyclin D1 was dramatically repressed by Glucosamine, while the expression of p53 and p21 was significantly up-regulated. These results suggested that Glucosamine inhibited the proliferation of renal cancer cells by promoting cell-cycle arrest.

Methods

Cell culture and reagents

Human renal cancer cell lines 786-O and caki-1 were purchased from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CCCAS, China) and were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (HyClone) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco). All cells were cultured in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. D-glucosamine was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co (sigma A3286). All the antibodies were purchased from Abcam.

MTT assay

Five groups of RCC cells were plated in 96-well culture plates in triplicate at a concentration of about 2 × 103/well. 200 μl culture medium containing various concentrations of glucosamine (0 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM) was added into 96-well culture plates, respectively. After incubated for different time perious (12, 24, 48 and 72 h), 200 μl MTT solution was added to each well. Then, cells were incubated at 37 °C for 4 h and the medium was discarded from each well. After that, 200 μl DMSO was used and thoroughly mixed for 15 min. The optical density (OD) of each well was measured at 490 nm using a micro-plate reader (Bio-Rad). All experiments were performed three times and three replicates in each repeat.

Western blot assay

Total protein was extracted using precooled RIPA lysis buffer with protease inhibitors. The concentration of total protein was measured using a Bio-Rad protein assay system. Equal amount of protein was separated by 10% SDS-PAGE for electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad). Afterward, the membrane was incubated at 4 °C for 12 h with specific primary antibodies (Bioworld, Nanjing, China). After incubation with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature, signals were visualized.

Cell cycle assays

To measure cell cycle distribution, the cells were harvested after addition with different concentrations of glucosamine for 24 h and fixed in 70% ice-cold ethanol overnight. Then, the cells were washed by PBS and stained with propidium iodide (PI; BD Biosciences) in PBS added with RNase (100 μg/ml) and Triton X-100 (0.2%) for 30 min. Afterward, cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (FACS, BD Biosciences). Tests were performed three times for each sample.

Apoptosis assay

For the apoptosis assay, the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection kit (BD Biosciences) was used according to manufacturer’s protocol. Cells were serum starved for 24 h, and treated with various doses of glucosamine (0 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM and10 mM) for 24 h. RCC cells were collected and washed twice with PBS. Then, cells were re-suspended, stained with (FITC)-Annexin V/PI for 15 min and analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS, BD Biosciences).

Statistical analysis

SPSS version 18.0 software was used for all statistical analyses of this study. Data are expressed as mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. The differences between each experimental group was analyzed by Student’s t-test or chi-square test. P-value of <0.05 was treated as statistically significant.

Results

Glucosamine inhibits renal cancer cell proliferation

To examine the effects of Glucosamine on the proliferation of human renal cancer cells, 786-O and Caki-1 cells were treated with Glucosamine at different doses and MTT assay was performed. Our data showed that Glucosamine inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1). These results suggested that Glucosamine played an important anti-proliferative role in RCC cells.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Glucosamine induces growth inhibition in 786-O (a) and Caki-1 cells (b). Cells were treated with various concentrations of Glucosamine (0 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM), and cell viability was analyzed using MTT assay at different time points (0 h,12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h). * P <0.05 compared with the control group (0 mM)

Full size image

Effects of Glucosamine on cell apoptosis

Previous studies have reported that Glucosamine induced apoptosis in various cell lines [25, 26]. Therefore, we investigated whether Glucosamine exerted anti-cancer role via inducing apoptosis in renal cancer cells lines. As shown in Fig. 2, the apoptosis rate of both cell lines was up-regulated by high concentration of Glucosamine (10 mM), but down-regulated by low concentrations of Glucosamine (1 mM and 5 mM), as compared with control group. These data suggested that low doses of Glucosamine-mediated proliferation inhibition of renal cancer cells was not due to apoptosis.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Effects of Glucosamine on the apoptosis of 786-O and Caki-1 cells as shown by Annexin V-FITC/PI analysis. 786-O and Caki-1 cells were treated for 24 h with various doses of Glucosamine under serum-free conditions, and apoptotic cells were measured as the percentage of Annexin V-positive/PI-negative cells. The representative images were shown. Three independent experiments were performed and the trend is the same

Full size image

Members of caspases play vital role in the apoptotic process. The nuclear DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a target of caspase-3 and its cleavage is a biomarker for cell apoptosis [27, 28]. Thereby, we detected the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP in RCC cells by Western blot. Our results showed that the protein levels of caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP were significantly down-regulated by Glucosamine as compared with the control in both 786-O and Caki-1 cells (Fig. 3). These results were in line with the results of Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis assay. All these results indicated that Glucosamine inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells was not by inducing apoptosis.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Effects of Glucosamine on the expression of apoptosis regulators caspase 3/9 and PARP. 786-O and Caki-1 cells were deprived of serum for 24 h and cultured with various doses of Glucosamine for 24 h. Afterward, the total protein was collected and the expression of caspase 3/9 and PARP was detected with Western Blot. The expression of these three proteins was obviously down-regulated in both 786-O (a) and Caki-1(c) cells. Columns show the mean values of three experiments of 786-O (b) and Caki-1(d) (± SD). *P < 0.05 compared with the control group (0 mM)

Full size image

Glucosamine induces cell cycle arrest in RCC cells in a dose-dependent manner

Glucosamine could cause cell-cycle arrest in various types of cancer cell lines [29, 30]. To determine whether the anti-proliferation effect of Glucosamine was accompanied by the alteration in cell cycle process, we next investigated the cycle distribution of 786-O and caki-1 cells after Glucosamine treatment (0 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, and 10 mM) for 24 h. As shown in Fig. 4, with the increasing doses of Glucosamine, G0/G1 cell population was gradually increased with the decrease of cells in S and G2/M phases. These results indicated that Glucosamine-mediated cell growth inhibition occurred at the G0/G1 to S transition phase.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Effects of Glucosamine on cell-cycle progression in human renal cancer cell lines (786-O and Caki-1). a Cell cycle distribution of 786-O and Caki-1 cells was examined after treatment with various concentrations of Glucosamine for 24 h. b, c Columns show the mean values of three experiments (± SD). *P < 0.05 compared with the control group (0 mM)

Full size image

Down-regulation of Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 by glucosamine in RCC cells

Cyclin D1 was reported to be a key element in cell proliferation in many types of cancers [31]. Meanwhile, on account of CDK4 and CDK6 preferably associate with the D type cyclins during the G1 phase [32], the expression of Cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6 were examined. Western blot results demonstrated that Cyclin D1 expression significantly repressed by Glucosamine with the dose raising (Fig. 5). Simultaneously, CDK4 and CDK6 were also gradually suppressed by Glucosamine in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5
figure 5

The expression of Cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6 were down-regulated by Glucosamine. When 786-O (a, b) and Caki-1 (c, d) cells were treated with Glucosamine for 24 h, the expression of Cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6 were down-regulated. Cells were lysed with RIPA lysis buffer, and the lysates were then analyzed by Western blot. a, c Representative gels from 3 experiments are shown. b, d Densitometric analysis was performed for each protein band relative to β-actin in the same sample using Quantity one software. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group (0 mM)

Full size image

Up-regulation of p53 and p21 by glucosamine in RCC cells

It is well known that the complexes of cyclins and CDKs, which is essential to the transition from G0/G1 to S phase, are inhibited by CDKIs [33]. p21 is one of the most important CDKI for CDK4/6. p53, a well-known tumor suppressor, can regulate cell cycle process by affecting the expression of p21 [17]. Thus, we examined the expression of p21 and p53 under the effect of Glucosamine. Glucosamine was found to gradually up-regulate the expression of p21 and p53 in protein levels (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6
figure 6

Glucosamine affects the expression of p21 and p53 in 786-O and Caki-1 cells. The expression of p21 and p53 was tested by Western blot after 786-O and Caki-1 cells were treated with various concentrations of Glucosamine for 24 h. β-actin served as internal loading control. a, c Representative gels from 3 experiments are shown. b, d Densitometric analysis was performed for each protein band relative to β-actin in the same sample using Quantity one software. *P < 0.05 compared with the control group (0 mM)

Full size image

Discussion

Renal cell carcinoma is one of the deadliest urogenital malignancies. The morbidity of RCC is increasing annually and the causes are multifactorial [34]. Abnormal cell cycle progression, such as shortening of the G1-phase, is involved in tumorigenesis.

Glucosamine and its derivatives are obligatory structural components of many biologically important macromolecules, such as membrane glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharide [35]. Although the anticancer property of glucosamine has been reported more than 60 years ago [7], the molecular mechanism remained unclear. Recently, Glucosamine has been demonstrated to be an effective anticancer agent in prostate cancer, lung cancer, leukemia and colorectal cancer [2, 25, 36, 37]. However, its action in renal cell carcinoma has not been studied.

In the present study, we analyzed the anticancer role of Glucosamine in renal cancer cells. We demonstrated that Glucosamine functioned as an anti-proliferation drug in renal cancer 786-O and Caki-1 cells. Afterward, we tried to certify whether the apoptosis and cell cycle of RCC cells were influenced. Using Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis assay, we found the apoptosis of RCC cells was down-regulated significantly when treated with low dose of Glucosamine and was up-regulated only in a very high dose. Likewise, several apoptosis markers were down-regulated obviously, such as caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP. Notably, Glucosamine induced G0/G1 arrest in the process of RCC cell cycle. Meanwhile, results of Western blot revealed significant down-regulation of Cyclin D1, CDK4, and CDK6 and up-regulation of p21 and p53 under treatment of Glucosamine, especially at the dose of 10 mM comparing with untreated samples. These results indicated that Glucosamine could exert its anticancer affect in RCC cells via causing cell cycle arrest and up-regulating cancer suppressor gene p21 and p53. However, the potential detailed mechanisms involved in the anti-tumor property of Glucosamine in RCC are required to be revealed in the future.

Our results implied that the antiproliferation role of Glucosamine in RCC cells was not related to apoptosis, and this result was consistent with the findings of Chang-Min Liang et al. [11]. They reported that Glucosamine did not induce apoptosis in the ARPE-19 cells, but inhibit epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest. However, Zhe Wang et al. reported that Glucosamine sulfate induced apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells and this regulation was associated with translocation of cathepsin D and downregulation of Bcl-xL [25]. Otherwise, Ki-Hoon Song et al. showed that Glucosamine induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NSCLC cells [26]. We assume that Glucosamine may play various roles in different types of cancers.

Conclusion

Current study found that, Glucosamine inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells mostly by causing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Glucosamine treatment in RCC cells led to the down-regulation of Cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6, as well as the up-regulation of p21 and p53. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that Glucosamine might serve as a potential therapeutic in the future.

Abbreviations

CDK:

Cyclin-dependent kinases

HBP:

Hexosamine biosynthetic pathway

PARP:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

RCC:

Renal cell carcinoma

References

  1. Al-Kurdi ZI, Chowdhry BZ, Leharne SA, Qinna NA, Al Omari MM, Badwan AA. Influence of glucosamine on the bioactivity of insulin delivered subcutaneously and in an oral nanodelivery system. Drug Des Devel Therapy. 2015;9:6167–76.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hwang JA, Kim Y, Hong SH, Lee J, Cho YG, Han JY, Kim YH, Han J, Shim YM, Lee YS, et al. Epigenetic inactivation of heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 2 in lung cancer and its role in tumorigenesis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e79634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Thomas SM, Coppelli FM, Wells A, Gooding WE, Song J, Kassis J, Drenning SD, Grandis JR. Epidermal growth factor receptor-stimulated activation of phospholipase Cgamma-1 promotes invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2003;63(17):5629–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Al-Hamidi H, Edwards AA, Douroumis D, Asare-Addo K, Nayebi AM, Reyhani-Rad S, Mahmoudi J, Nokhodchi A. Effect of glucosamine HCl on dissolution and solid state behaviours of piroxicam upon milling. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 2013;103:189–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu BQ, Meng X, Li C, Gao YY, Li N, Niu XF, Guan Y, Wang HQ. Glucosamine induces cell death via proteasome inhibition in human ALVA41 prostate cancer cell. Exp Mol Med. 2011;43(9):487–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC, Lee RL, Lejeune E, Bruyere O, Giacovelli G, Henrotin Y, Dacre JE, Gossett C. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9252):251–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Quastel JH, Cantero A. Inhibition of tumour growth by D-glucosamine. Nature. 1953;171(4345):252–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Friedman SJ, Skehan P. Membrane-active drugs potentiate the killing of tumor cells by D-glucosamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980;77(2):1172–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Chesnokov V, Sun C, Itakura K. Glucosamine suppresses proliferation of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells through inhibition of STAT3 signaling. Cancer Cell Int. 2009;9(1):25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Chesnokov V, Gong B, Sun C, Itakura K. Anti-cancer activity of glucosamine through inhibition of N-linked glycosylation. Cancer Cell Int. 2014;14:45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Liang CM, Tai MC, Chang YH, Chen YH, Chen CL, Chien MW, Chen JT. Glucosamine inhibits epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and cell-cycle progression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Mol Vis. 2010;16:2559–71.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Mizuno H, Nakanishi Y, Ishii N, Sarai A, Kitada K. A signature-based method for indexing cell cycle phase distribution from microarray profiles. BMC Genomics. 2009;10:137.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Sherr CJ, Roberts JM. CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev. 1999;13(12):1501–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Donnellan R, Chetty R. Cyclin D1 and human neoplasia. Mol Pathol. 1998;51(1):1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Zuryn A, Litwiniec A, Safiejko-Mroczka B, Klimaszewska-Wisniewska A, Gagat M, Krajewski A, Gackowska L, Grzanka D. The effect of sulforaphane on the cell cycle, apoptosis and expression of cyclin D1 and p21 in the A549 non-small cell lung cancer cell line. Int J Oncol. 2016;48(6):2521–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lima MS, Pereira RA, Costa RS, Tucci S, Dantas M, Muglia VF, Ravinal RC, Barros-Silva GE. The prognostic value of cyclin D1 in renal cell carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(5):905–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu PY, Chan JY, Lin HC, Wang SL, Liu ST, Ho CL, Chang LC, Huang SM. Modulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1) gene by Zac1 through the antagonistic regulators p53 and histone deacetylase 1 in HeLa Cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2008;6(7):1204–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Waldman T, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. p21 is necessary for the p53-mediated G1 arrest in human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1995;55(22):5187–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):11–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7-30.

  21. Znaor A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Laversanne M, Jemal A, Bray F. International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality. Eur Urol. 2015;67(3):519–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cindolo L, Patard JJ, Chiodini P, Schips L, Ficarra V, Tostain J, de La Taille A, Altieri V, Lobel B, Zigeuner RE, et al. Comparison of predictive accuracy of four prognostic models for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy: a multicenter European study. Cancer. 2005;104(7):1362–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang Q, Wang S, Sun SQ, Cheng ZH, Zhang Y, Chen G, Gu M, Yao HJ, Wang Z, Zhou J, et al. The effects of RNA interference mediated VEGF gene silencing on biological behavior of renal cell carcinoma and transplanted renal tumor in nude mice. Cancer Biomark. 2016;16(1):1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sternberg CN, Davis ID, Mardiak J, Szczylik C, Lee E, Wagstaff J, Barrios CH, Salman P, Gladkov OA, Kavina A, et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(6):1061–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang Z, Liang R, Huang GS, Piao Y, Zhang YQ, Wang AQ, Dong BX, Feng JL, Yang GR, Guo Y. Glucosamine sulfate-induced apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells is associated with translocation of cathepsin D and downregulation of Bcl-xL. Apoptosis. 2006;11(10):1851–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Song KH, Kang JH, Woo JK, Nam JS, Min HY, Lee HY, Kim SY, Oh SH. The novel IGF-IR/Akt-dependent anticancer activities of glucosamine. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Chereau D, Zou H, Spada AP, Wu JC. A nucleotide binding site in caspase-9 regulates apoptosome activation. Biochemistry. 2005;44(13):4971–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Chaitanya GV, Steven AJ, Babu PP. PARP-1 cleavage fragments: signatures of cell-death proteases in neurodegeneration. Cell Commun Signal. 2010;8:31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Masson E, Wiernsperger N, Lagarde M, El Bawab S. Glucosamine induces cell-cycle arrest and hypertrophy of mesangial cells: implication of gangliosides. Biochem J. 2005;388(Pt 2):537–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Chuang KH, Lu CS, Kou YR, Wu YL. Cell cycle regulation by glucosamine in human pulmonary epithelial cells. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2013;26(2):195–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kim JK, Diehl JA. Nuclear cyclin D1: an oncogenic driver in human cancer. J Cell Physiol. 2009;220(2):292–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Cordon-Cardo C. Mutations of cell cycle regulators. Biological and clinical implications for human neoplasia. Am J Pathol. 1995;147(3):545–60.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Zarkowska T, Mittnacht S. Differential phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein by G1/S cyclin-dependent kinases. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(19):12738–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Petejova N, Martinek A. Renal cell carcinoma: review of etiology, pathophysiology and risk factors. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech. 2016;160(2):183–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fujiwara T, Kubota K, Sato T, Matsuzawa T, Tada M, Iwata R, Itoh M, Hatazawa J, Sato K, Fukuda H, et al. N-[18 F] fluoroacetyl-D-glucosamine: a potential agent for cancer diagnosis. J Nucl Med. 1990;31(10):1654–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ogunsina M, Pan H, Samadder P, Arthur G, Schweizer F. Structure activity relationships of N-linked and diglycosylated glucosamine-based antitumor glycerolipids. Mol. 2013;18(12):15288–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kantor ED, Lampe JW, Peters U, Shen DD, Vaughan TL, White E. Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(6):1137–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Not applicable.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 01.02.12.054).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors’ contributions

YXD and ZJH conceived and designed the experiments; WLS and CSJ performed the experiments; ZJF analyzed the data; LMN contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; WLS and CSJ wrote the paper. We confirm that all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China

      Long-sheng Wang, Shao-jun Chen, Jun-feng Zhang, Meng-nan Liu, Jun-hua Zheng & Xu-dong Yao

    Authors
    1. Long-sheng Wang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Shao-jun Chen
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Jun-feng Zhang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Meng-nan Liu
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Jun-hua Zheng
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Xu-dong Yao
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Corresponding authors

    Correspondence to Jun-hua Zheng or Xu-dong Yao.

    Rights and permissions

    Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

    Reprints and Permissions

    About this article

    Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Wang, Ls., Chen, Sj., Zhang, Jf. et al. Anti-proliferative potential of Glucosamine in renal cancer cells via inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. BMC Urol 17, 38 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-017-0221-7

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-017-0221-7

    Keywords

    • Renal cell carcinoma
    • Glucosamine
    • Proliferation
    • Cell cycle

    BMC Urology

    ISSN: 1471-2490

    Contact us